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Cited by 94Smoking Behavior and CessationDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research

Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to risk of diabetes in Chinese men and women: a 9-year prospective study of 0·5 million people

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Liu, Xin, Bragg, Fiona, Yang, Ling, Kartsonaki, Christiana, Guo, Yu, Du, Huaidong, Bian, Zheng, Chen, Yiping +170 more·2018·The Lancet Public Health
DOI 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30026-4PMC PMC5887081
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, smoking is associated with increased risk of diabetes. Little is known about the association in China, where cigarette consumption has increased (first in urban, then in rural areas) relatively recently. Moreover, uncertainty remains about the effect of smoking cessation on diabetes in China and elsewhere. We aimed to assess the associations of smoking and smoking cessation with risk of incident diabetes among Chinese adults. METHODS: The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank enrolled 512 891 adults (59% women) aged 30-79 years during 2004-08 from ten diverse areas (five urban and five rural) across China. Participants were interviewed at study assessment clinics, underwent physical measurements, and had a non-fasting blood sample taken. Participants were separated into four categories according to smoking history: never-smokers, ever-regular smokers, ex-smokers, and occasional smokers. Incident diabetes cases were identified through linkage with diabetes surveillance systems, the national health insurance system, and death registries. All analyses were done separately in men and women and Cox regression was used to yield adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) for diabetes associated with smoking. FINDINGS: 68% (n=134 975) of men ever smoked regularly compared with 3% (n=7811) of women. During 9 years' follow-up, 13 652 new-onset diabetes cases were recorded among 482 589 participants without previous diabetes. Among urban men, smokers had an adjusted HR of 1·18 (95% CI 1·12-1·25) for diabetes. HRs increased with younger age at first smoking regularly (1·12, 1·20, and 1·27 at ≥25 years, 20-24 years, and <20 years, respectively; p for trend=0·00073) and with greater amount smoked (1·11, 1·15, 1·42, and 1·63 for <20, 20-29, 30-39 and ≥40 cigarettes per day; p for trend<0·0001). Among rural men, similar, albeit more modest, associations were seen. Overall, HRs were more extreme at higher levels of adiposity. Among men who stopped by choice, there was no excess risk within 5 years of cessation, contrasting with those who stopped because of illness (0·92 [0·75-1·12] vs 1·42 [1·23-1·63]). Among the few women who ever smoked regularly, the excess risk of diabetes was significant (1·33 [1·20-1·47]). INTERPRETATION: Among Chinese adults, smoking was associated with increased risk of diabetes, with no significant excess risk following voluntary smoking cessation. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Kadoorie Charitable Foundation, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and China Scholarship Council.

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  1. [17]Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group Treatment of early breast cancer. Vol 1. worldwide evidence 1985–1990—a systematic overview of all available randomized trials of adjuvant endocrine and cytotoxic therapy 1990 Oxford University Press Oxford
  2. [23]Huang X The China tobacco history 2006 China Press Beijing

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Authors
Liu, X., Bragg, F., Yang, L., Kartsonaki, C., Guo, Y., Du, H., Bian, Z., Chen, Y., Yu, C., Lv, J., Wang, K., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Clarke, R., Collins, R., Peto, R., Li, L., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Chen, Z., Clarke, R., Collins, R., Guo, Y., Li, L., Lv, J., Peto, R., Walters, R., Avery, D., Bennett, D., Boxall, R., Bragg, F., Chang, Y., Chen, Y., Du, H., Gilbert, S., Hacker, A., Holmes, M., Kartsonaki, C., Kerosi, R., Lancaster, G., Lin, K., McDonnell, J., Millwood, I., Nie, Q., Radhakrishnan, J., Ryder, P., Sansome, S., Schmidt, D., Sohoni, R., Stevens, B., Turnbull, I., Walters, R., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wright, N., Yang, L., Yang, X., Bian, Z., Chen, G., Han, X., Hou, C., Pei, P., Qu, S., Tan, Y., Yu, C., Pang, Z., Gao, R., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Du, R., Zang, Y., Cheng, L., Tian, X., Zhang, H., Lv, S., Wang, J., Hou, W., Yin, J., Jiang, G., Zhou, X., Yang, L., He, H., Yu, B., Li, Y., Mu, H., Xu, Q., Dou, M., Ren, J., Wang, S., Hu, X., Wang, H., Chen, J., Fu, Y., Fu, Z., Wang, X., Weng, M., Zheng, X., Li, Y., Li, H., Wang, Y., Wu, M., Zhou, J., Tao, R., Yang, J., Ni, C., Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Lu, Y., Ma, L., Tang, A., Zhang, S., Jin, J., Liu, J., Tang, Z., Chen, N., Huang, Y., Li, M., Meng, J., Pan, R., Jiang, Q., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Wei, L., Zhou, L., Chen, N., Guan, H., Wu, X., Zhang, N., Chen, X., Tang, X., Luo, G., Li, J., Zhong, X., Liu, J., Sun, Q., Ge, P., Ren, X., Dong, C., Zhang, H., Mao, E., Wang, X., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Zhou, G., Feng, S., Chang, L., Fan, L., Gao, Y., He, T., Sun, H., He, P., Hu, C., Lv, Q., Zhang, X., Yu, M., Hu, R., Wang, H., Qian, Y., Wang, C., Xie, K., Chen, L., Zhang, Y., Pan, D., Huang, Y., Chen, B., Yin, L., Jin, D., Liu, H., Fu, Z., Xu, Q., Xu, X., Zhang, H., Xiong, Y., Long, H., Li, X., Zhang, L., & Qiu, Z.
Affiliations
  • Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Chen, Ge
  • He, Hui
  • Chen, Jinyan
  • Weng, Min
  • Zheng, Xiangyang
  • Wu, Ming
  • Chen, Naying
  • Chen, Ningyu
  • Chen, Xiaofang
  • He, Tianyou
  • He, Pan
  • Chen, Lingli
  • Chen, Biyun
  • Qiu, Zhe
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet Public Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-04
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
e167-e176
ISSN
2468-2667 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30026-4
PMC
PMC5887081
OpenAlex
W2793679783
Cited by
94
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4
FWCI
5.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Lancet Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0900500, 2016YFC0900501, 2016YFC0900504, 2016YFC1303904)
  • Pfizer
  • Kadoorie Charitable Foundation
  • Wellcome Trust (088158/Z/09/Z, 104085/Z/14/Z)
  • Medical Research Council
  • China Scholarship Council (201606285145)
  • BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford (RE/13/1/30181)
  • Cancer Research UK
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81390540, 81390541, 81390544)
  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China (2011BAI09B01)
  • National Institute for Health Research
  • British Heart Foundation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Keywords
smoking, smoking cessation, diabetes risk, new-onset diabetes, Chinese adults, sex differences, urban-rural differences, cigarette consumption, adiposity, China Kadoorie Biobank, diabetes prevention, smoking cessation clinics, tobacco control, smoking cessation pharmacotherapy
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, China, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking Cessation

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