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Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In 2016, Chile implemented a unique law mandating front-of-package warning labels, restricting marketing, and banning school sales for products high in calories, sodium, sugar, or saturated fat. We aimed to examine changes in the calorie, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat content of food and beverage purchases after the first phase of implementation of this law. METHODS: This before and after study used longitudinal data on food and beverage purchases from 2381 Chilean households from Jan 1, 2015, to Dec 31, 2017. Nutrition facts panel data from food and beverage packages were linked to household purchases at the product level using barcode, brand name, and product description. Nutritionists reviewed each product for nutritional accuracy and categorised it as high-in if it contained added sugar, sodium, or saturated fat and exceeded phase 1 nutrient or calorie thresholds, and thus was subject to the labelling, marketing, and school regulations. Using fixed-effects models, we examined the mean nutrient content (overall calories, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium) of purchases in the post-policy period compared to a counterfactual scenario based on pre-policy trends. FINDINGS: Compared with the counterfactual scenario, overall calories purchased declined by 16·4 kcal/capita/day (95% CI -27·3 to -5·6; p=0·0031) or 3·5%. Overall sugar declined by 11·5 kcal/capita/day (-14·6 to -8·4; p<0·0001) or 10·2%, and saturated fat declined by 2·2 kcal/capita/day (-3·8 to -0·5; p=0·0097) or 3·9%. The sodium content of overall purchases declined by 27·7 mg/capita/day (-46·3 to -9·1; p=0·0035) or 4·7%. Declines from high-in purchases drove these results with some offset by increases in not-high-in purchases. Among high-in purchases, relative to the counterfactual scenario, there were notable declines of 23·8% in calories purchased (-49·4 kcal/capita/day, 95% CI -55·1 to -43·7; p<0·0001), 36·7% in sodium purchased (-96·6 mg/capita/day,-105·3 to -87·8; p<0·0001), and 26·7% in sugar purchased (-20·7 kcal/capita/day, -23·4 to -18·1; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: The Chilean phase 1 law of food labelling and advertising policies were associated with reduced high-in purchases, leading to declines in purchased nutrients of concern. Greater changes might reasonably be anticipated after the implementation of phases 2 and 3. FUNDING: Bloomberg Philanthropies, International Development Research Center, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health.
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“These systems, which are closer in their design to the proven commercial nominal and binary cue types, do seem to have achieved some consistent level of impact on food consumer behaviour, and they are attracting significant research attention as a result [36].”
From Marketing Tactics for Sustainable Fashion and the Circular Economy: The Impact of Ethical Labels on Fast Fashion Choice (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Taillie, L. S., Bercholz, M., Popkin, B., Reyes, M., Colchero, M. A., & Corvalán, C.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX)
- University of Chile (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Corvalán, Camila
- Venue
- The Lancet Planetary Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e526-e533
- ISSN
- 2542-5196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8364623
- OpenAlex
- W3187973817
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 35.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Planetary Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Bloomberg Philanthropies
- International Development Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- front-of-package warning labels, food marketing restrictions, nutrition policy, household food purchasing, energy intake, sugar consumption, sodium intake, saturated fat intake, nutrition facts panel, nutrition labeling, counterfactual scenarios, school meals
- MeSH terms
- Child, Chile, Food Labeling, Humans, Schools, Marketing, Policy
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