The Cambridge Handbook of Instructional Feedback
Abstract
This book brings together leading scholars from around the world to provide their most influential thinking on instructional feedback. The chapters range from academic, in-depth reviews of the research on instructional feedback to a case study on how feedback altered the life-course of one author. Furthermore, it features critical subject areas - including mathematics, science, music, and even animal training - and focuses on working at various developmental levels of learners. The affective, non-cognitive aspects of feedback are also targeted; such as how learners react emotionally to receiving feedback. The exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of how feedback changes the course of instruction leads to practical advice on how to give such feedback effectively in a variety of diverse contexts. Anyone interested in researching instructional feedback, or providing it in their class or course, will discover why, when, and where instructional feedback is effective and how best to provide it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effectiveness of feedback depends not only on its content and timing but also on students' receptivity and ability to implement suggested improvements.
“The feedback component, in particular, requires careful consideration in its design and delivery, as its effectiveness depends not only on the content and timing but also on students' receptivity and ability to implement suggested improvements [8][9][10].”
From Formative assessment and feedback in medical education: A practical guide: AMEE Guide No. 189 (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Comparing the quality of human and ChatGPT feedback of students’ writing
Steiss, J., Tate, T., Graham, S., Cruz, J., Hebert, M., Wang, J., Moon, Y., Tseng, W., Warschauer, M., & Olson, C. B. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101894 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
A review of feedback models and typologies: Towards an integrative model of feedback elements
Panadero, E., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100416 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
A Review of Feedback Models and Theories: Descriptions, Definitions, and Conclusions
Lipnevich, A. A., & Panadero, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.720195 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Panadero, E., & Alqassab, M. (2019) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1600186 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Panadero, E., Broadbent, J., Boud, D., & Lodge, J. M. (2019) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-018-0407-8 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Student Perceptions of Assessment Feedback: A Critical Scoping Review and Call for Research
Van der Kleij, F. M., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2021) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-020-09331-x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
der Kleij, F. M. V. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.06.010 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Revisiting “The Power of Feedback” from the perspective of the learner
Mandouit, L., & Hattie, J. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101718 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Yan, Z., Lao, H., Panadero, E., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Yang, L., & Yang, M. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100484 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Student – Feedback Interaction Model: Revised
Lipnevich, A. A., & Smith, J. K. (2022) · Studies in Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101208 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A meta-review of the student role in feedback
der Kleij, F. M. V., Adie, L. E., & Cumming, J. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.09.005 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Broadbent, J., Sharman, S. J., Panadero, E., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2021) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2021.100805 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Chevalier, M., Giang, C., El‐Hamamsy, L., Bonnet, E., Papaspyros, V., Pellet, J., Audrin, C., Roméro, M., Baumberger, B., & Francesco Mondada, C. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104431 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
School grades and students’ emotions: Longitudinal models of within-person reciprocal effects
Pekrun, R. H., Marsh, H. W., Suessenbach, F., Frenzel, A. C., & Goetz, T. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101626 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Challenges and opportunities for classroom-based formative assessment and AI: a perspective article
Hopfenbeck, T. N., Zhang, Z., Sun, S. Z., Robertson, P., & McGrane, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1270700 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Chinese EFL Teachers’ Writing Assessment Feedback Literacy: A Scale Development and Validation Study
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., Pan, Z., & Ghiasvand, F. (2023) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2023.100726 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chinese university EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices of classroom writing assessment
Lu, W., Lee, I., & Park, M. (2020) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100890 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Structural validity and invariance of the Feedback Perceptions Questionnaire
Strijbos, J.-W., Pat‐El, R., & Narciss, S. (2021) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2021.100980 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Should I grade or should I comment: Links among feedback, emotions, and performance
Lipnevich, A. A., Murano, D., Krannich, M., & Goetz, T. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Stovner, R. B., & Klette, K. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103593 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bridging classroom assessment and self-regulated learning
Brandmo, C., Panadero, E., & Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2020) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2020.1803589 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cai, Z., Gui, Y., Mao, P., Wang, Z., Hao, X., Fan, X., & Tai, R. H. (2023) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100521 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Janelli, M., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104076 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A systematic review of the key components of online peer feedback practices in higher education
Gao, X., Noroozi, O., Gulikers, J., Biemans, H. J. A., & Banihashem, S. K. (2024) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100588 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
From plans to actions: A process model for why feedback features influence feedback implementation
Wu, Y., & Schunn, C. D. (2021) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-021-09546-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Rico-Juan, J. R., Gallego, A. J., & Calvo-Zaragoza, J. (2019) · Comput. Educ. · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103609 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alemdağ, E., & Yıldırım, Z. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104574 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Changes in classroom assessment practices during emergency remote teaching due to COVID-19
Panadero, E., Fraile, J., Pinedo, L., Rodríguez-Hernández, C. F., & Díez, F. (2022) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2022.2067123 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Murano, D. M., Lipnevich, A. A., Walton, K. E., Burrus, J. T., Way, J. D., & Anguiano‐Carrasco, C. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhan, Y., Wan, Z. H., & Sun, D. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104341 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bouwer, R., & Dirkx, K. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101745 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Formative assessment and feedback in medical education: A practical guide: AMEE Guide No. 189
Lipnevich, A. A., Mattern, K., & Feddock, C. (2026) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2025.2569623 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nurturing curiosity and creativity in primary school classrooms
Scott-Barrett, J., Johnston, S., Denton-Calabrese, T., McGrane, J. A., & Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104356 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Lipnevich, A. A., Gjicali, K., Asıl, M., & Smith, J. K. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110086 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Naujoks-Schober, N., Harder, B., & Händel, M. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09295-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
der Kleij, F. M. V. (2020) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100907 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Feedback in action: Examining teachers’ oral feedback to elementary writers
Schuldt, L. C. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.03.020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Exploring primary school teachers’ use of formative assessment across fee and no-fee schools
Kanjee, A. (2020) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v10i1.824 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The instructional situations in which mathematics teachers provide substantive feedback
Stovner, R. B., Klette, K., & Nortvedt, G. A. (2021) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-021-10065-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Students’ engagement across a typology of teacher feedback practices
Tay, H. Y., & Lam, K. (2022) · Educational Research for Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s10671-022-09315-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
IDC theory: creation and the creation loop
Chan, T.-W., Looi, C.-K., Chang, B., Chen, W., Wong, L. H., Wong, S. L., Yu, F., Mason, J., Liu, C.-C., Shih, J.-L., et al. (2019) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-019-0120-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Feelings on feedback: Children’s emotional responses during mathematics problem solving
Merrick, M., & Fyfe, E. R. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102209 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Eryılmaz, N., & Sandoval-Hernández, A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101803 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Masked ball for all: how anonymity affects students' perceived comfort levels in peer feedback
Su, W. (2023) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2089348 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Peltzer, K., Lorca, A. L., Krause, U.-M., & Busse, V. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101935 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Do achievement goals and self-efficacy matter for feedback use?
Keller, M. V., Dresel, M., & Daumiller, M. H. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101948 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Stockinger, K., Lipnevich, A. A., Stempfer, L., & Pekrun, R. H. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.14032-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anchored in praise? Potential manifestation of the anchoring bias in feedback reception
Lipnevich, A. A., Eßer, F. J., Park, M. J., & Winstone, N. (2023) · Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2023.2179956 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“complexity of this task (Hattie, 2012; Wiliam, 2018), it is important to understand the process underlying students’ processing of feedback and what influences it.”
BackgroundTo, J., Tan, K. H. K., & Lim, M. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104185 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ibrahim, A., Clark, K., Reese, M., & Shingles, R. (2020) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100836 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-Assessment for Learning in Vocational Education and Training
Panadero, E., Garcia, D., & Fraile, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49789-1_85-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The impact of feedback on metacognition: Enhancing in easy tasks, impeding in difficult ones
Luo, T., & Liu, C. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103601 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evaluating the Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Innovate Feedback Processes
Huesca, G., Elizondo-García, M. E., Aguayo-González, R., Aguayo-Hernández, C. H., González-Buenrostro, T., & Verdugo-Jasso, Y. A. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15040505 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The influence of three approaches to feedback on L2 writing task improvement and subsequent learning
Burnell, K., Pratt, K., Berg, D. A. G., & Smith, J. K. (2023) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101291 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Learning Assessment Process in Higher Education: A Grounded Theory Approach
Aguayo-Hernández, C. H., Guerrero, A. S., & Vázquez‐Villegas, P. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14090984 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Adkins, M., & Camping, A. (2021) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-021-10142-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pitt, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25112-3_8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Moderating Factors in University Students’ Self-Evaluation for Sustainability
León, S. P., Augusto-Landa, J. M., & García‐Martínez, I. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084199 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Siekmann, L., Parr, J. M., van Ophuysen, S., & Busse, V. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1171914 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exploring Chinese university EFL students’ perceptions of formative assessment: A qualitative study
Yan, Q. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103391 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Feedback processing and emotion regulation in nursing students during internship
Hausman, M., Detroz, P., Pétré, B., Guillaume, M., & Dancot, J. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101804 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of self-explaining feedback on learning from problem-solving errors
Zhang, Q., & Fiorella, L. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-Assessment for Learning in Vocational Education and Training
Panadero, E., Garcia, D., & Fraile, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94532-3_85 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Unheard and unused: why students reject teacher and peer feedback
Lipnevich, A. A., Lopera-Oquendo, C., Tomazin, L., Gutterman, J., & Florentin, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1567704 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gao, X., & Brown, G. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13111090 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The impact of peer assessment design on interpersonal processes: A systematic review
Senden, M., & Coertjens, L. (2024) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101405 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Diseño de tareas para promover aprendizaje autorregulado en la universidad
Serrano, M. V. (2020) · Educación y Educadores · doi:10.5294/edu.2020.23.2.6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Creative Identity Development in Classrooms
Beghetto, R. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108755726.023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Emotional responses to feedback in adaptive learning technologies for early mathematics education
Horvers, A., Molenaar, I., Bosse, T., & Lazonder, A. W. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102192 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Navío-Inglés, M., Mora, J. G., O’Connor-Jiménez, P., & González, A. G. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15111534 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Instructional feedback to support self-regulated writing in primary school
Fiskerstrand, P., & Gamlem, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1232529 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ajibade, B. O., & Hayes, C. V. (2023) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-09-2022-0188 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Learner perceptions of the feedback process in the online component of a blended course
Moni, A. (2024) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v28i2.3967 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Aust, L., Linker, J.-C., Eichholz, L., Schiffer, J., Nührenbörger, M., Selter, C., & Souvignier, E. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102376 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Specificity and Helpfulness of Peer-to-Peer Feedback in Higher Education
Rietsche, R., Caines, A., Schramm, C., Pfütze, D., & Buttery, P. J. (2022) · Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.bea-1.15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Creative Learning and the Possible
Beghetto, R. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98390-5_57-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ajjawi, R., Tai, J., & Dawson, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.09013-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The impact of quest-based feedback and point-based feedback on users' emotions and engagement
Vancaemelbecke, C., Caroux, L., & Lemercier, C. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108652 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Student engagement with oral feedback on second language learning: A methodological review
Liu, J., & Su, W. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103752 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A renaissance in feedback science? Reviewing and reimagining feedback research methods
Fong, C. J. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102414 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Franklin, D. W., Jr., Bryer, J., Lui, A. M., Andrade, H., & Akhmedjanova, D. R. (2022) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v26i2.2674 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Busse, V., Graham, S., & Keer, H. V. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Feedback Literacy Behaviour Scale (FLBS) for Chinese students
Zhu, J., Yang, Y., & Yan, Z. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2025.2537390 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chi, S.-H., & Wang, Z.-H. (2023) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-023-10121-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mikeska, J. N., Howell, H., & Kinsey, D. (2024) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-024-10489-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tutors' and Students' Views on Learning and Feedback in Problem-Based Learning
Lillo, E. A. G. (2023) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.12.2.705 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Putting learners at the heart of the feedback process: Reflections on the special issue
Wiliam, D. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101785 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Automated and Personalized Feedback to Support Science Teacher Learning
Mikeska, J. N., Klebanov, B. B., MARIGO, A., Tierney, J. D., Maxwell, T., & Nazaretsky, T. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64299-9_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Daumiller, M. H., & Meyer, J. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zfxe6_v3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moni, A., Argüelles, M. J. M., & Serradell-López, E. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142411554 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pinedo, L., Panadero, E., Ruiz, J. F., García-Pérez, D., & Brown, G. (2026) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-026-01087-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Making Learning Visible through Formative Assessments in Postgraduate Orthodontic Education
Foong, K. W. C., Song, Y. L., Gan, M. J. S., & Lim, A. C. Y. (2024) · Seminars in Orthodontics · doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2024.04.009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cai, H., & Qian, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103503 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unpacking Student Responses to Discrepant Peer and Teacher Feedback: A Cross-National Comparison
Lopera-Oquendo, C., Lipnevich, A. A., Tomazin, L., Máñez, I., León, S. P., & Beatson, N. J. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102394 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Beghetto, R. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98390-5_57-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evidence‐based reasoning: Results from an intervention
Du, H., & List, A. (2024) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4238 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Graham, S., Olson, C. B., Baker, T., & Chung, H. Q. (2025) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10727-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tsolaki, E., Παναούρα, Ρ., Pericleous, S., & Charalambides, M. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16010148 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jean, C. R. S., King, S., & Roberts, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.xjep.2023.100631 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Teachers’ Perceptions Toward Video as a Tool for Feedback on Students’ Oral Performance
Park, J. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.37213/cjal.2023.32829 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Munshi, C., & Deneen, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Queens College, CUNY (US)
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2018-10-31
- OpenAlex
- W2975900091
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 18.22
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- instructional feedback, feedback effectiveness, mathematics education, science education, music education, animal training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review