The impact of feedback on metacognition: Enhancing in easy tasks, impeding in difficult ones

The Control-Value Theory of Achievement Emotions: Assumptions, Corollaries, and Implications for Educational Research and Practice

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Cognitive Load Theory

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Negative Self-Efficacy and Goal Effects Revisited

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How to measure metacognition

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A signal detection theoretic approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings

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Relating Introspective Accuracy to Individual Differences in Brain Structure

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Formative Assessment: Assessment Is for Self-regulated Learning

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The neural basis of metacognitive ability

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Effects of Feedback in a Computer-Based Learning Environment on Students’ Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

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The Law of Effect

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360° feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and perceptions of usefulness.

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A review of feedback models and typologies: Towards an integrative model of feedback elements

Panadero, E., & Lipnevich, A. A. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100416 · Cited by 389 · see citing works

Medial and lateral networks in anterior prefrontal cortex support metacognitive ability for memory and perception

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Consequences of Positive and Negative Feedback: The Impact on Emotions and Extra‐Role Behaviors

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Training self-assessment and task-selection skills: A cognitive approach to improving self-regulated learning

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A Review of Feedback Models and Theories: Descriptions, Definitions, and Conclusions

Lipnevich, A. A., & Panadero, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.720195 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

Causal evidence for frontal cortex organization for perceptual decision making

Rahnev, D., Nee, D. E., Riddle, J., Larson, A. S., & D’Esposito, M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1522551113 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Action-Specific Disruption of Perceptual Confidence

Fleming, S. M., Maniscalco, B., Ko, Y., Amendi, N., Ro, T., & Lau, H. C. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614557697 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Multivoxel neurofeedback selectively modulates confidence without changing perceptual performance

Cortese, A., Amano, K., Koizumi, A., Kawato, M., & Lau, H. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13669 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Distinguishing the Roles of Dorsolateral and Anterior PFC in Visual Metacognition

Shekhar, M., & Rahnev, D. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3484-17.2018 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Confidence Leak in Perceptual Decision Making

Rahnev, D., Koizumi, A., McCurdy, L. Y., D’Esposito, M., & Lau, H. C. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615595037 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

The Cambridge Handbook of Instructional Feedback

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Not Learning From Failure—the Greatest Failure of All

Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619881133 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Auditory feedback blocks memory benefits of cueing during sleep

Schreiner, T., Lehmann, M., & Rasch, B. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9729 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Response feedback and learning.

Adams, J. A. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026741 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Surprising feedback improves later memory

Fazio, L. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.88 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Sources of Metacognitive Inefficiency

Shekhar, M., & Rahnev, D. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.007 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Noradrenaline blockade specifically enhances metacognitive performance

Hauser, T. U., Allen, M., Purg, N., Moutoussis, M., Rees, G., & Dolan, R. J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24901 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Metacognitive ability correlates with hippocampal and prefrontal microstructure

Allen, M., Glen, J. C., Müllensiefen, D., Schwarzkopf, D. S., Fardo, F., Frank, D., Callaghan, M. F., & Rees, G. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Coaching Feedback as a Source of Information about Perceptions of Ability: A Developmental Examination

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How experimental procedures influence estimates of metacognitive ability

Rahnev, D., & Fleming, S. M. (2019) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niz009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

The Impact of Feedback on Perceptual Decision-Making and Metacognition: Reduction in Bias but No Change in Sensitivity

Haddara, N., & Rahnev, D. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211032887 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

When feedback is cognitively-demanding: the importance of working memory capacity

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Negative feedback and performance: The moderating effect of emotion regulation

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Performance Feedback and Emotions

Goetz, T., Lipnevich, A. A., Krannich, M., & Gogol, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316832134.027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Metacognitive improvement: Disentangling adaptive training from experimental confounds.

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The effect of feedback on children’s metacognitive judgments: a heuristic account

Geurten, M., & Meulemans, T. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1229669 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

The effect of feedback on performance and brain activation during perceptual learning

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Meditation focused on self-observation of the body impairs metacognitive efficiency

Schmidt, C., Gabriel Reyes, M., Barrientos, M., Langer, A. I., & Sackur, J. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

6- and 8-year-olds’ performance evaluations: Do they differ between self and unknown others?

Destan, N., Spiess, M. A., de Bruin, A. B. H., van Loon, M. H., & Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9170-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Anchoring effect of performance feedback on accuracy of metacognitive monitoring in preschool children

Urban, K., & Urban, M. (2021) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.2397 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Effects of expected task difficulty on metacognitive confidence and multitaskingPreprint

Sherman, M. T., & Seth, A. K. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3gfp2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Atypical spatial frequency dependence of visual metacognition among schizophrenia patients

Koizumi, A., Hori, T., Maniscalco, B., Hayase, M., Mishima, R., Kawashima, T., Miyata, J., Aso, T., Lau, H. C., Takahashi, H., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102296 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

THE FEEDBACK FALLACY IN LEARNING: MAKING PRACTICE AND INTERDISCIPLINARITY COUNT

Chitac, I. M. (2022) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Integrating learner characteristics and generative AI affordances to enhance self-regulated learning: a configurational analysis

Wu, X.-Y., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2025) · Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research · doi:10.1007/s44322-025-00028-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works

ChatGPT-Enhanced Mobile Instant Messaging in Online Learning: Effects on Student Outcomes and Perceptions

Huang, Y.-M., Chen, P.-H., Lee, H.-Y., Sandnes, F. E., & Wu, T.-T. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108659 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Interaction between overconfidence effects and training formats in nurses’ education in hand hygiene

Seidel-Fischer, J., Trifunovic-Koenig, M., Gerber, B., Otto, B., Bentele, M., Fischer, M. R., & Bushuven, S. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02020-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes

Alsaiari, O., Baghaei, N., Lodge, J. M., Noroozi, O., Gašević, D., Boden, M., & Khosravi, H. (2026) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100553 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Metacognitive deficits in major depressive disorder

Hong, S., Chi, M., Chen, H., Chu, F., Zheng, Y., & Ming, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1524046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Co-designing a pedagogical model for immersive virtual environments in healthcare education

Keskitalo, T., & Saukkoriipi, K. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2450643 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Metacognitive sensitivity predicts the quality of information search in value-based decision making

Hu, X., Li, Y., Chen, X., Jian-yuan, W., Shi, J., Guo, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, C., & Luo, L. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106410 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Evaluating training load self-monitoring in female soccer players: Estimating GPS-derived parameters

Valzolgher, C., Sorio, N., & Pecchini, A. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541261417824 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Implicit manifestation of prospective metacognition in betting choices enhances its efficiency compared to explicit expression

Nagamura, H., Onishi, H., Kobayasi, K. I., & Yuki, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1490530

Performance feedback triggers liberal detection and perceptual confidence biases in early childhood: Implications for metacognitive training

Soto, D., Lallier, M., Desender, K., & Elosegi, P. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02720-7

Additional file 1 of Interaction between overconfidence effects and training formats in nurses’ education in hand hygiene

Seidel-Fischer, J., Trifunovic-Koenig, M., Gerber, B., Otto, B., Bentele, M., Fischer, M. R., & Bushuven, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26157109

Additional file 2 of Interaction between overconfidence effects and training formats in nurses’ education in hand hygiene

Seidel-Fischer, J., Trifunovic-Koenig, M., Gerber, B., Otto, B., Bentele, M., Fischer, M. R., & Bushuven, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26157373

How local and global metacognition relate to overt and covert narcissism in adolescentsPreprint

Liu, C., Shi, J., Luo, T., & Hu, X. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8214411/v1

The Impact of Feedback Timing on Metacognition in AI-Mediated Language Learning

Nadila, A., Sénécal, S., Coursaris, C. K., & Léger, P. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13167-6_10

The Effects of Agent Type and Feedback Style on Self-Directed Learning: A Mixed-Methods Study

Han, X., Cao, J., Wang, Z., & Luo, H. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16071069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Trial-by-trial feedback does not improve performance or metacognition in a large-sample perceptual task

Haddara, N., & Rahnev, D. (2019) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/19.10.27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Feedback, Metacognitive Judgement and Task Difficulty: Determinants of Cognitive Task Performance

Afrin, N., Begum, H., Uzzaman, M. A., & Himi, S. A. (2026) · Bangladesh Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3329/bjop.v25i1.84813

Impact of feedback on perceptual decision making and metacognitionPreprint

Haddara, N., & Rahnev, D. (2022) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/7chg5

The impact of feedback on perceptual decision making and metacognition: Reduction in bias but no change in sensitivityPreprint

Haddara, N., & Rahnev, D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p8zyw · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Preregistration: Impact of feedback on perceptual decision making and metacognition over 7 days of trainingPreprint

Rahnev, D., & Haddara, N. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)