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Cited by 20Archaeology and Cultural HeritageCultural Heritage Management and PreservationArchaeological Research and Protection

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 6 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The Future of American Archaeology: Engage the Voting Public or Kiss Your Research Goodbye!

Open access
Klein, Terry H., Goldstein, Lynne, Gangloff, Deborah, Lees, William B., Ryzewski, Krysta, Styles, Bonnie W., Wright, Alice P.·2018·Advances in Archaeological Practice
DOI 10.1017/aap.2017.34
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Abstract

Over the past several years, we have seen many attacks on publicly funded and mandated archaeology in the United States. These attacks occur at the state level, where governors and state legislatures try to defund or outright eliminate state archaeological programs and institutions. We have also seen several attacks at the federal level. Some members of Congress showcase archaeology as a waste of public tax dollars, and others propose legislation to move federally funded or permitted projects forward without consideration of impacts on archaeological resources. These attacks continue to occur, and we expect them to increase in the future. In the past, a vigilant network of historic preservation and archaeological organizations was able to thwart such attacks. The public, however, largely remains an untapped ally. As a discipline, we have not built a strong public support network. We have not demonstrated the value of archaeology to the public, beyond a scattering of educational and informational programs. In this article, we—a group of archaeologists whose work has focused on public engagement—provide a number of specific recommendations on how to build a strong public constituency for the preservation of our nation's archaeological heritage. En los últimos años, la arqueología en los Estados Unidos, que por ley se realiza y se financia con fondos públicos, ha recibido muchísimas críticas. Estas críticas surgen en el nivel estatal, donde los gobernadores y las legislaturas estatales han tratado de eliminar los fondos, así como los programas arqueológicos estatales y las instituciones relacionadas. Las amenazas también se han dejado venir del nivel federal. Algunos miembros del Congreso han exhibido a la arqueología como un malgasto de fondos públicos, mientras que otros proponen una legislación que deje de apoyar los proyectos federalmente o que estos proyectos se realicen sin medir los impactos sobre los recursos arqueológicos. Estas amenazas no cesan y seguramente aumentarán en el futuro. Con anterioridad, una red observadora de organizaciones dedicadas a la preservación histórica y arqueológica ha sido capaz de detener estas amenazas. El público, sin embargo, no ha sido un aliado potencial. Como disciplina, no hemos construido una red sólida de apoyo público. No hemos demostrado el valor de la arqueología al público, más allá de una serie dispersa de programas educativos e informativos. En este articulo, un grupo de arqueólogos cuya labor se ha centrado en la participación del público, proveen un número específico de recomendaciones sobre como construir una red sólida de apoyo público circunscrito para la preservación de nuestra herencia nacional.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The article argues that publicly funded and mandated archaeology in the United States faces escalating state and federal political attacks, and that archaeologists must build a voting public constituency to survive. It presents case examples of public engagement and offers recommendations for advocacy, education, and community partnership.

Key findings

  • Attacks include efforts to defund or eliminate state archaeological programs, weaken Section 106 and Antiquities Act protections, restructure NSF funding, and pass state laws in Florida and Georgia that would reduce archaeological review or allow artifact removal. Past opposition has often been led by archaeological and preservation organizations, while the public “largely remains an untapped ally.”
  • Engagement examples show varied success: Michigan State University’s Campus Archaeology Program began in 2005, now involves about six undergraduate and six graduate students annually, and helped establish a campus policy requiring archaeology before any ground disturbance; Crow Canyon has involved the public for more than 30 years; the Florida Public Archaeology Network has operated in eight regions since 2005; Detroit projects are community-proposed; and Garden Creek fostered local stewardship.
  • Economic and educational value is cited: heritage tourism employs 8 million people, is an $800 billion-a-year business with a $2 billion payroll; Mesa Verde National Park hosts more than 550,000 visitors yearly, who spend $55 million locally and support 814 jobs; Crow Canyon, with a less than $5 million budget, provides nearly $7 million in local annual benefit; the Illinois State Museum served more than 386,750 individuals in 2014, attracted about 1.5 million virtual visitors yearly, and reached more than 40,000 schoolchildren and 2,300 teachers in 2014.
  • The Illinois State Museum is a cautionary case: despite strong public and bipartisan support, Governor Rauner closed it to the public on October 1, 2015. The closure process drew 769 pages of public comments and 188 pages of witness records, a petition with more than 12,000 signatures, and a rally of about 500 people; a bipartisan commission voted 7 of 9 against closure and recommended against it, but the governor proceeded. Part of the system reopened July 2, 2016, with a $5.00 entrance fee at ISM-Springfield.

Methods

  • This is a synthesis/commentary article, not an empirical study; the authors state that “No original data were used for this article.”
  • It draws on descriptive case examples and program reflections: MSU Campus Archaeology, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Florida Public Archaeology Network, Unearthing Detroit, the Illinois State Museum, and the Garden Creek Archaeological Project.
  • Recommendations are derived from the authors’ public-engagement experience rather than from formal sampling, statistical analysis, or systematic comparative evaluation.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the public remains largely untapped, that Florida has seen no groundswell of public objection to threats against archaeology, that CRM firms are constrained by client relationships and lack of public-outreach funds, and that government archaeologists are more restricted in what they can do. It also notes that one individual—the Illinois governor—can ignore strong public and legislative support.
  • Evident from the text: the article is a selective case-study commentary with no original data or independent evaluation, and several examples are described by authors directly involved in the programs, so claims about effectiveness are not systematically tested.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/aap.2017.34

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

1 of 6 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingnone given

    Illinois State Museum staff brought in about $2 million in outside grants and contracts to supplement the state budget.

    “Museum staff brought in about $2 million in outside grants and contracts to supplement the state budget”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Standard grade school curricula fall short of providing American citizens with a comprehensive understanding of the Native American past before and after contact.

    “standard grade school curricula fall short of providing American citizens with a comprehensive understanding of the Native American past before and after contact (Shear et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shear et al. 2015 source
  • Findingreasoning

    Garden Creek Archaeological Project initiatives showed residents that the archaeology of the Garden Creek site was not reducible to an isolated point or potsherd find but encompassed a substantial record of Middle Woodland habitation and community activity.

    “These initiatives showed residents that the archaeology of the Garden Creek site was not reducible to an isolated point or potsherd find but, rather, encompassed a substantial record of Middle Woodland habitation and community activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The MSU Campus Archaeology Program has created an engaged and educated public focused on the university but concerned about archaeology and historic preservation on a larger scale.

    “CAP has created an engaged and educated public focused on the university but concerned about archaeology and historic preservation on a larger scale.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The Unearthing Detroit project is a collections-based research and community archaeology initiative focused on more than 40 years' worth of historical archaeological collections recovered from decades of rescue excavations conducted at numerous major landmarks in Detroit by past Wayne State professors.

    “One of the university's first efforts to connect archaeological research with Detroit stakeholders was through the Unearthing Detroit project, a collections-based research and community archaeology initiative focused on more than 40 years' worth of historical archaeological collections recovered from decades of rescue excavations conducted at numerous major landmarks in Detroit by past Wayne State”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 50
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 31
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation

    The Garden Creek Archaeological Project was conducted on private land in western North Carolina from 2011 to 2014.

    “The Garden Creek Archaeological Project (GCAP), conducted on private land in western North Carolina from 2011 to 2014, underscores some of the challenges and opportunities that can emerge from efforts to muster an archaeologically inclined residential community (Wright 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wright 2015 source

      The ‘Challenges and opportunities of resident community engagement’ section says Wright initiated GCAP in 2011 at Garden Creek in western North Carolina. The paper also describes the site as privately owned, but the passages do not establish that the project continued through 2014; the 2014 dates appear in citations to other publications. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    All of the music-related sites Wayne State has examined in Detroit are ruined or endangered.

    “All of the music-related sites Wayne State has examined are ruined or endangered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois State Museum served more than 386,750 individuals through on-site and popular off-site programs in 2014.

    “The museum served more than 386,750 individuals through on-site and popular off-site programs in 2014.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Crow Canyon Archaeological Center conducts archaeological research in the context of public archaeology programs and collaborates with Native American tribal partners to inform and educate the public and government decision-makers.

    “From its home base in Cortez, Colorado, the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, under the direction of Deborah Gangloff, conducts cutting-edge archaeological research in the context of public archaeology programs, and in collaboration with Native American tribal partners, it informs and educates the public and government decision-makers about the value and contributions of archaeology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Visitors to Illinois State Museum facilities spent more than $31 million in Illinois communities each year.

    “visitors to ISM facilities spent more than $31 million in Illinois communities each year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    These projects are proposed by Detroiters to Wayne State, a factor that strengthens the role of archaeology in the service of communities and introduces transparency into the process of project design, data collection, and dissemination.

    “These projects are proposed by Detroiters to Wayne State, a factor that strengthens the role of archaeology in the service of communities and introduces transparency into the process of project design, data collection, and dissemination”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    People want to be a part of history-making in Detroit.

    “People want to be a part of history-making in Detroit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Detected features at Garden Creek revealed where Middle Woodland people lived, ate, gathered, and slept and forged a more viscerally experiential tie between present and past than had previously existed in the neighborhood.

    “Detected features revealed where Middle Woodland people lived, ate, gathered, and slept and forged a more viscerally experiential tie between present and past than had previously existed in the neighborhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    These attacks occur at the state level, where governors and state legislatures try to defund or outright eliminate state archaeological programs and institutions.

    “These attacks occur at the state level, where governors and state legislatures try to defund or outright eliminate state archaeological programs and institutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    As a discipline, archaeologists have not built a strong public support network.

    “As a discipline, we have not built a strong public support network.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Many residents were aware that Native Americans had lived at Garden Creek in the past, thanks to a historical marker at the neighborhood's entrance, but few knew much about the site or that some of it remained intact below their lawns.

    “Many of the residents were aware that Native Americans had lived there in the past, thanks to a historical marker at the neighborhood's entrance, but few knew much about the site or the fact that some of it remained intact below their lawns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The Garden Creek Archaeological Project focused on a Middle Woodland period ancestral Cherokee site and necessarily involved ongoing collaboration with the suburban, largely Euro-American community that lives there today.

    “Focused on a Middle Woodland period (ca. 100 BC-AD 400) ancestral Cherokee site, GCAP necessarily involved ongoing collaboration with the suburban, largely Euro-American community that lives there today.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Attacks on archaeology also occur at the federal level, including members of Congress showcasing archaeology as a waste of public tax dollars and proposing legislation to move federally funded or permitted projects forward without consideration of impacts on archaeological resources.

    “Some members of Congress showcase archaeology as a waste of public tax dollars, and others propose legislation to move federally funded or permitted projects forward without consideration of impacts on archaeological resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    All of the projects described in the article have grassroots local origins.

    “All of the projects described here have grassroots local origins.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Tens of thousands of schoolchildren and thousands of adults have learned about the archaeological process by doing it at Crow Canyon.

    “Tens of thousands of schoolchildren and thousands of adults have learned about the archaeological process, by doing it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The MSU Campus Archaeology Program provides students practical, real-world experiences with public engagement and stresses the value of this engagement as a way of building a constituency for supporting archaeology.

    “The Michigan State University Campus Archaeology Program provides students practical, real-world experiences with public engagement, and stresses the value of this engagement as a way of building a constituency for supporting archaeology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois State Museum System was closed to the public by Governor Rauner at the end of the workday on September 30, 2015.

    “but was closed to the public by Governor Rauner at the end of the workday on September 30, 2015.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The commission voted seven of the nine commissioners present in opposition to the closure on August 5, 2015, and on August 6 recommended to the governor that the museum not be closed.

    “The commission met again on August 5, 2015, to vote (seven of the nine commissioners present voted in opposition to the closure), and on August 6, it recommended to the governor that the museum not be closed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    CRM firms are constrained by client relationships that make sharing results with the public difficult and by the lack of funds flowing from governmental agencies that would allow them to go the extra distance for the public.

    “Cultural resource management (CRM) firms are constrained, on the one hand, by client relationships that make sharing results with the public difficult at best and, on the other, by the lack of funds flowing from governmental agencies that would allow them to go the extra distance for the public”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois State Museum website attracted about 1.5 million virtual visitors each year.

    “which attracted about 1.5 million virtual visitors each year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    Illinois State Museum staff and board members had strong relationships with local legislators.

    “ISM staff and board members had strong relationships with local legislators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois State Museum reached more than 40,000 schoolchildren and 2,300 teachers in 2014.

    “The ISM reached more than 40,000 schoolchildren and 2,300 teachers in 2014.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Florida has a long history of engaging the public about the value of archaeology and archaeological preservation.

    “Florida has a long history of engaging the public about the value of archaeology and archaeological preservation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Publicly funded and mandated archaeology in the United States has been attacked multiple times during the past several years.

    “Publicly funded and mandated archaeology in the United States has been attacked multiple times during the past several years.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Over the past several years, we have seen many attacks on publicly funded and mandated archaeology in the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    The Garden Creek project in western North Carolina is an example of a project used to inform and educate the public and government decision-makers on the value and contributions of archaeology by focusing on a specific historic place.

    “The Garden Creek project, in western North Carolina, is an example of a project used to inform and educate the public and government decision-makers on the value and contributions of archaeology by focusing on a specific historic place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The governor reopened part of the Illinois State Museum System to the public on July 2, 2016, after a nine-month closure and implementation of a $5.00 entrance fee at ISM-Springfield.

    “The governor reopened part of the badly damaged Museum System (ISM-Springfield, the Research and Collections Center in Springfield, and Dickson Mounds Museum in Lewiston) to the public on July 2, 2016, after a nine-month closure and implementation of a meager entrance fee of $5.00 at the ISM-Springfield.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Despite this attention to public engagement, Florida faces significant, recurring preservation challenges.

    “Despite this impressive attention to public engagement in Florida, with its 20 million residents, the state faces significant, recurring preservation challenges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Despite the long history of public engagement, no groundswell of public objection has risen to scuttle these programs that directly threaten the archaeological record.

    “Despite the long history of public engagement, no groundswell of public objection has risen to scuttle these programs that directly threaten the archaeological record.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    We have not succeeded in instilling local representatives with the positive values that archaeology offers.

    “While this is an old concept, we have not succeeded in instilling local representatives with the positive values that archaeology offers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois Senate passed a bill requiring the state to operate a museum system open to the public, and the House passed the bill in October 2015 after the museum had already been closed.

    “With bipartisan support, the Illinois Senate passed a bill in August that required that the state operate a museum system and that it be open to the public.The House passed the bill in October 2015, after the museum had already been closed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingreasoning

    The public largely remains an untapped ally in efforts to protect and preserve the nation's archaeological heritage.

    “The public, however, largely remains an untapped ally in our efforts to protect and preserve our nation's archaeological heritage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Archaeologists have not adequately demonstrated the value of archaeology to the public, beyond a scattering of educational and informational programs.

    “we have not adequately demonstrated the value of archaeology to them, beyond a scattering of educational and informational programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Opposition to the Illinois State Museum closure came from major national and regional professional organizations, universities and museums, state and federal agencies, the Peoria Tribe, state legislators, US Senator Dick Durbin, mayors, community leaders, school officials, teachers, and families.

    “Opposition to the closure came from major national and regional professional organizations for museums (including the IAM and AAM) and the disciplines represented at the ISM (including the Society for American Archaeology); universities and museums across the world; state and federal agencies (including the US Department of the Interior and US Army Corps of Engineers); the Peoria Tribe; state leg”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The governor vetoed the bill in February 2016, and the legislature did not garner enough votes in the House to override the veto.

    “After holding the bill that had passed in the House and the Senate, the governor vetoed it in February 2016 (amendatory veto with a rewrite).The legislature did not garner enough votes in the House to override the veto.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The bipartisan commission received and posted 769 pages of public comments and 188 pages of witness records for the hearing, and all but a few comments opposed the closure.

    “The commission received and posted 769 pages of public comments and 188 pages of witness records for the hearing (http://cgfa.ilga.gov).All but a few of these comments were in opposition to the closure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Over a number of years, there have been repeated moves to eliminate or reduce funding for museums, historic preservation, archaeology, humanities, and the arts, such as attempts to reduce funding for the Institute of Museum and Library Services and the recent move to eliminate funding for the National Endowment for the Humanities and National Endowment for the Arts.

    “Over a number of years, there have been repeated moves to eliminate or reduce funding for museums, historic preservation, archaeology, humanities, and the arts, such as attempts to reduce funding for the Institute of Museum and Library Services and the recent move to eliminate funding for the National Endowment for the Humanities and National Endowment for the Arts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    This short project resulted in the bar being integrated into a popular Detroit history bus tour, featured on TV shows, and chronicled in local news outlets and national Jewish newspapers, and it generated momentum for the building's nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.

    “This short project resulted in the bar being integrated into a popular Detroit history bus tour, featured on TV shows, and chronicled in local news outlets and national Jewish newspapers, and it generated momentum for the building's nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The Illinois State Museum System included six facilities across the state and successfully engaged the public in archaeology, art, history, and the natural sciences.

    “The Illinois State Museum System, based at the Illinois State Museum in Springfield (ISM-Springfield), included six facilities across the state and successfully engaged the public in archaeology, as well as art, history, and the natural sciences”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Annual state funding for the six-facility Illinois State Museum System was relatively low, at $6.0-6.5 million.

    “the annual state funding for this sixfacility state museum system was relatively low ($6.0-6.5 million).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    State law requires the Florida Division of Historical Resources to work with treasure salvors in state waters.

    “state law requires DHR to work with treasure salvors in state waters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The governor did not take the commissioners' advice and indicated that he would proceed with closure.

    “However, the governor did not take the commissioners' advice and indicated that he would proceed with closure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    The Florida Public Archaeology Network works to engage the public, including youth and the voting public.

    “The Florida Public Archaeology Network works to engage the public, including youth and the voting public.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The media largely opposed the Illinois State Museum closure, and the museum enjoyed strong bipartisan support at the state and national levels.

    “The media largely opposed closure, and the museum enjoyed strong bipartisan support at the state and national levels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    In the past, a vigilant network of historic preservation and archaeological organizations was able to thwart such attacks.

    “In the past, a vigilant network of historic preservation and archaeological organizations was able to thwart such attacks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The July 13 hearing lasted four hours, and only the director of the Department of Natural Resources testified in support of the closing.

    “The July 13 hearing lasted four hours, and only the director of the Department of Natural Resources (the ISM's parent organization, which is an agency under the governor) testified in support of the closing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Avocational archaeologists and other citizen scientists often become strong supporters of research and collections and give freely of their time.

    “Avocational archaeologists and other citizen scientists often become strong supporters of research and collections and give freely of their time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All these proposals would open the floodgates of looting on state lands, which is already a major problem.

    “All would open the floodgates of looting on state lands, which is already a major problem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Community-based archaeology projects presuppose the existence of some public knowledge about or interest in the past and often focus on relatively recent historical events familiar to contemporary communities.

    “Such projects presuppose the existence of some public knowledge about or interest in the past.As a result, they often focus on relatively recent historical events familiar to contemporary communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Many archaeological sites on private property are not protected by federal legislation and may be damaged or destroyed by private development or land management.

    “This is especially important because many archaeological sites on private property are not protected by federal legislation and may be damaged or destroyed by private development or land management (Neumann, Sanford, and Harry 2010:31).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Neumann, Sanford, and Harry 2010:31

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The need for a public constituency for archaeology has been with us for decades but has been too often ignored by the discipline.

    “The need for this public constituency has been with us for decades but, unfortunately, has been too often ignored by our discipline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Support for archaeological research and the protection of archaeological resources are political.

    “If, as we argue here, support for archaeological research and the protection of archaeological resources are political, then we are obliged to pursue an explicitly localized archaeology, relevant to particular communities in particular places.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Without public involvement there has not been and cannot be effective public support of archaeology.

    “Without public involvement there has not been and there cannot be effective public support of archaeology, and without public support there cannot be legislative founding and funding of adequate programs to recover and protect a state's or the nation's archaeological heritage [1972:6-7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McGimsey 1972

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If a residential community can be alerted to the presence of an irreplaceable archaeological resource, shown the importance of studying it in professional detail, and encouraged to empathize with the distant community who generated the archaeological record, then they can become grassroots, on-site archaeological stewards.

    “If a residential community can be alerted to the presence of an irreplaceable archaeological resource, shown the importance of studying the resource in professional detail (i.e., not through looting or lay excavations), and encouraged to empathize with the distant community who generated the archaeological record, then they can become grassroots, on-site archaeological stewards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The support of residential communities increases the likelihood of obtaining the necessary permission to conduct archaeological research on private property.

    “First, the support of residential communities increases the likelihood of obtaining the necessary permission to conduct archaeological research on private property.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some form of place attachment may render intelligible experiences among groups separated by time or by distinct cultural backgrounds.

    “Of course, the attachments between past people and particular places are not identical to those that exist today, but some form of place attachment may render intelligible experiences among groups separated by time or by distinct cultural backgrounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although we have been increasingly successful in building support for archaeology at the local level, it may be unreasonable to expect that this will translate to substantial public action on the state (or national) level.

    “Although we have been increasingly successful in building support for archaeology at the local level, it may be unreasonable to expect that this will translate to substantial public action on the state (or national) level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All of the Illinois State Museum's programs helped create an audience of loyal supporters and attracted individuals to join the Illinois State Museum Society.

    “All of these programs helped create an audience of loyal supporters and attracted individuals to join the Museum System's nonprofit friends and fund-raising group, the Illinois State Museum Society.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By fostering relationships between residential communities and local archaeological resources, the Garden Creek Archaeological Project and projects like it stand to benefit in the short and long term.

    “By fostering relationships between residential communities and local archaeological resources, GCAP and projects like it stand to benefit in the short and long term.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Campus Archaeology, Unearthing Detroit, and the Garden Creek project demonstrate the value of archaeology and historic preservation to local constituencies who are current and future voters.

    “Campus Archaeology, Unearthing Detroit, and the Garden Creek project demonstrate the value of archaeology and historic preservation to local constituencies who are current and future voters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The projects capitalize on people's curiosity about the history of places they know.

    “They capitalize on people's curiosity about the history of places they know.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Interest in and appreciation for the experience of people of the past and with different cultural backgrounds may grow from these projects.

    “In turn, interest in and appreciation for the experience of people of the past and with different cultural backgrounds may grow.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Without that support, the Illinois State Museum System could have remained closed to the public, and the 140-year-old institution would have been gone.

    “Without that support, the Museum System could have remained closed to the public, and this 140year-old institution, known nationally and internationally for its high-quality research, collection, and interpretive programs and considered a national model of a museum system, would have been gone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Participatory research is fast becoming a core tenant of archaeological work and a vehicle for learning about the need to engage the public with archaeology through conventional and creative outlets.

    “For stu-dents, participatory research is fast becoming a core tenant of archaeological work and a vehicle for learning about the need to engage the public with archaeology through conventional and creative outlets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Stewardship of the past represented in the archaeological record can emerge from a shared sense of place.

    “Stewardship of the past represented in the archaeological record can emerge from this shared sense of place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    In many parts of the United States, the material and architectural records of Native North America may not be visible to the untrained eye.

    “In many parts of the United States, the material and architectural records of Native North America may not be visible to the untrained eye.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    One of the most effective ways to build a constituency that supports archaeology is to pursue community-based projects rooted in local curiosity about particular sites or historical moments.

    “One of the most effective ways to build a constituency that supports archaeology is to pursue community-based projects rooted in local curiosity about particular sites or historical moments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
66 of 66

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Building a public constituency through engagement will lead to political support for publicly funded archaeology.

    “In this article we showcase programs that engage the public as a means of building a strong constituency supporting archaeological research and preservation.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The public generally likes archaeology.

    “Although we know that the public generally likes archaeology, we have not adequately demonstrated the value of archaeology to them, beyond a scattering of educational and informational programs.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Attacks on archaeology will increase in the future.

    “These attacks continue to occur, and we expect them to increase in the future.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Understanding other cultures creates a more tolerant society.

    “More than that, understanding other cultures creates a more tolerant society.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    People are interested in history and finding themselves in the past.

    “People are interested in history and finding themselves in the past.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Looting is fueled by the significant commercial value of Florida artifacts and the remote location of important sites.

    “Looting is fueled by the significant commercial value of Florida artifacts and the remote location of important sites.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    CRM firms are constrained by client relationships and lack of funds.

    “Cultural resource management (CRM) firms are constrained, on the one hand, by client relationships that make sharing results with the public difficult at best and, on the other, by the lack of funds flowing from governmental agencies that would allow them to go the extra distance for the public”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Political decision-makers listen to voters.

    “It is especially important to engage voters, as these are the individuals that our political decision-makers listen to.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Public funding for archaeology, museums, and cultural institutions is essential and worthy of public support.

    “They are essential and worthy of public support and often bring more monies to our communities than they cost.”
9 of 9

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 8 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Michel, 2003, Private Property—National Legacy, SAA Archaeological Record, 3, 4
  2. Brace C. Lorin , VI 2016 “Nothing Phony about It in Any Way”: Archaeological Analysis of the Blue Bird Inn Jazz Club in Post-war Detroit. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
  3. McGimsey, 1972, Public Archaeology

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Klein, T. H., Goldstein, L., Gangloff, D., Lees, W. B., Ryzewski, K., Styles, B. W., & Wright, A. P.
Affiliations
  • SRI International (US)
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (US)
  • University of West Florida (US)
  • Wayne State University (US)
  • Appalachian State University (US)
Corresponding author
Klein, Terry H.
Venue
Advances in Archaeological Practice
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2018-01-14
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
1-18
ISSN
2326-3768 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1017/aap.2017.34
OpenAlex
W2784046184
Cited by
20
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
FWCI
21.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • Advances in Archaeological Practice (publishedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion)
  • The Digital Archeological Record (tDAR)
  • Appalachian State University
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
Keywords
American archaeology, citizen participation, historic preservation, archaeological heritage, public outreach

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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