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Phenomenal Consciousness: A Naturalistic Theory
Abstract
How can phenomenal consciousness exist as an integral part of a physical universe? How can the technicolour phenomenology of our inner lives be created out of the complex neural activities of our brains? Many have despaired of finding answers to these questions; and many have claimed that human consciousness is inherently mysterious. Peter Carruthers argues, on the contrary, that the subjective feel of our experience is fully explicable in naturalistic (scientifically acceptable) terms. Drawing on a variety of interdisciplinary resources, he develops and defends a novel account in terms of higher-order thought. He shows that this can explain away some of the more extravagant claims made about phenomenal consciousness, while substantively explaining the key subjectivity of our experience. Written with characteristic clarity and directness, and surveying a wide range of extant theories, this book is essential reading for all those within philosophy and psychology interested in the problem of consciousness.
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“First, the UAL approach, while compatible with many specific theories about the nature of consciousness, is not compatible with higher-order thought (HOT) theories of the type defended by Carruthers (2000), Rosenthal (2005) and LeDoux (2019).”
From Unlimited Associative Learning and the origins of consciousness: a primer and some predictions (2020) · cites this paper as Carruthers (2000)
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Items 101–200 of 626
Kind, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.009 · Cited by 28
Pullum, G. K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316779651.006 · Cited by 30
Strong representationalism and centered content
Brogaard, B. “. (2009) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-009-9437-z · Cited by 28
“260), Carruthers (2000), Tye (2000, p.”
Knowing what we can do: actions, intentions, and the construction of phenomenal experience
Ward, D., Roberts, T., & Clark, A. (2010) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-010-9714-6 · Cited by 28
“One camp, whose exemplars include Rosenthal (1997), Carruthers (2000), Туе (1995), Dretske (1995) and Lycan (1996), attempts to ground consciousness in intentionality, and to do so 'without remainder': that is, they argue that there is no more to various states of conscious experience than the obtaining of various int…”
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Pitt, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.005 · Cited by 28
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Goff, P. (2011) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-011-9715-4 · Cited by 27
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Solomon, D. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252732.003.0004 · Cited by 27
Pernu, T. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01084 · Cited by 51
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Farrell, J. (2017) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-017-0980-8 · Cited by 25
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.001.0001 · Cited by 26
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Fresco, N. (2010) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-010-9199-6 · Cited by 26
“In contrast, proponents of HOR (i.e., higher-order representational) theories of consciousness (Carruthers 2000; Lycan 1995; Rosenthal 2002) argue that state consciousness is best explained by the relation between two levels of mental states: higher-order states and first-order states.”
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Lopez, A. (2022) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2022.9194 · Cited by 23
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Giustina, A., & Kriegel, U. (2024) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-024-02188-6 · Cited by 26
Kriegel, U. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451540-7/50023-2 · Cited by 25
De, M. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0018 · Cited by 24
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Gertler, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.004 · Cited by 27
Philosophical theories of consciousness: contemporary Western perspectives
Kriegel, U. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.004 · Cited by 27
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Hasker, W. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0008 · Cited by 24
Scott, R. B. Y., & Dienes, Z. P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_3 · Cited by 23
Allen, C., & Trestman, M. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119132363.ch5 · Cited by 24
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Self-citationWhat explains the “hard” problem of consciousness?
Masciari, C. F., & Carruthers, P. (2020) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2020.1729712 · Cited by 23
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McKinnon, C. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252732.003.0011 · Cited by 23
Consciousness and Higher‐Order Thought
ROSENTHAL, D. M. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00149 · Cited by 23
BonJour, L. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0001 · Cited by 26
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Passos‐Ferreira, C. (2023) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/phpe.12192 · Cited by 46
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“…that the molecule is non-occurrently represented by D, as opposed to being occurrently represented by T, then this would make his theory of consciousness collapse into a version of the dispositional HOT theory defended by Carruthers (1996, 2000, 2005). to invoke indirect representations at all.”
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Grounding, Analysis, and Russellian Monism
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“Some more traditional views, which belong to what Keith Frankish calls “weak illusionism” (Frankish 2016, p. 15), would probably qualify as sparse‑illusion views (Armstrong 1968; Carruthers 2000; Levin 2007)—but I will not say more about them here.”
Wilberg, J. (2010) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2010.514567 · Cited by 22
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(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316779651 · Cited by 21
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Alter, T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.008 · Cited by 20
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Coleman, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.001 · Cited by 20
ROSENTHAL, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316494134.003 · Cited by 20
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“This, however, has been taken to confound the very idea of higher-order thoughts with further firstorder (or same-order, Lurz 2004) thoughts about objects (Carruthers 2000).”
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Rey, G. (2008) · Revue internationale de philosophie · doi:10.3917/rip.243.0051 · Cited by 13
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Metadata
- Authors
- Carruthers, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carruthers, Peter
- ORCID
- Carruthers, Peter
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2000-09-28
- OpenAlex
- W4205543764
- Cited by
- 632
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.76
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- phenomenal consciousness, higher-order thought, naturalism, problem of consciousness, subjectivity, mind-brain relationship, neural basis of consciousness
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