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Facial expressions as modes of action readiness
Abstract
Many questions one could ask about facial expressions seem to be fixed by the use of the very word expression. Facial expression , first, refers to facial behavior that suggests emotional meaning to an outside observer. Second, the term carries the implication that that facial behavior has the function or purpose of conveying such meaning. Third, it suggests that there exists something (say, an inner feeling) independently of that behavior to which the behavior called expression is added as an extra. These aspects are not necessarily all true of the same behaviors. Facial behaviors may suggest emotional meanings to observers, but that may not be their function or purpose. Receiving the epithet “expressive” in fact says nothing about the nature of the behavior concerned. “Hasty” or “greedy” behaviors, for instance, are made to arrive as fast as one can at the object of desire, and not to inform others about one's state of mind. Also, nonbehavior may on occasion be highly expressive, such as underacting in the theater and Jesus's remaining silent under accusation. And there are phenomena that are expressive by suggesting emotional meanings in which no inner feelings of whatever produced the phenomena are involved, such as joyful bird songs, angry bursts of wind, sad music, nervous lines, and solemn penguins. Most past and current theorizing on facial expression starts from the assumption that it expresses emotional feelings and exists for the sake of doing so. The study of expression pretty much originated in the philosophical problem of the knowledge of other minds.
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Self-citationSocial Motives, Emotional Feelings, and Smiling
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“Proponents of facial expression approaches include, in addition to Darwin (1872) and Ekman and Friesen, Izard (1971, 1994), Scherer and Wallbott (1994), Frijda and Tcherkassof (1997), Scherer and Grandjean (2008).”
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“For example, disgust emotion increases the size of right-frontal asymmetry in the central nervous system; on the other hand, happiness one increases the size of left-frontal asymmetry in this system [12, 43].”
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“There is indeed an affinity between emotion and facial display (Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997).”
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“OOC seems to capture the subjective essence of an emotion experience as being involuntarily moved from within (e.g., Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997; Sabini & Silver, 1998); the feeling of OOC in panic attacks may be the most familiar clinical example.”
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“Such a stance may demonstrate determination to hold firm (action readiness; Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997), and communicate the danger of escalating hostilities, much like the words “I am angry with you.””
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The psychologist’s point of view
Salmela, J. H. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203874639-34 · Cited by 26
Scalar Ratings Of Contempt Expressions
Matsumoto, D. (2005) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-005-2742-0 · Cited by 25
“non-English speakers (French) ( Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997 ), however, reported that most”
BackgroundParkinson, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108696234 · Cited by 32
Investigating appraisal-driven facial expression and inference in emotion communication.
Scherer, K. R., Dieckmann, A., Unfried, M., Ellgring, H., & Mortillaro, M. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000693 · Cited by 21
Advances in the Study of Facial Expression: An Introduction to the Special Section
Dols, J. M. F. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912457209 · Cited by 20
“The outcome of this conceptual shift has been the emergence of analytic approaches that break facial behavior down into components related to specific appraisals or the action tendencies associated with such appraisals (Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997; Scherer & Ellgring, 2007; Smith & Scott, 1997).”
BackgroundSubtle expressivity for characters and robots
Suzuki, N., & Bartneck, C. (2003) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/765891.766150 · Cited by 21
Russell, J. A. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1353/cjp.2007.0037 · Cited by 19
Heart to Heart: A Relation-Alignment Approach to Emotion’s Social Effects
Parkinson, B. (2021) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073921990733 · Cited by 21
“It therefore seems possible that perceivers respond to the action tendencies embodied in facial configurations rather than the emotions they supposedly represent (Frijda, 1986; Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997).”
BackgroundEmbodied Resistance to Persuasion in Advertising
Lewinski, P., Fransen, M. L., & Tan, E. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01202 · Cited by 28
“We subscribe to the hypothesis that facial expression of emotion reflects a state of action readiness (Frijda and Tcherkassof, 1997).”
Varieties of Anger: The Relation Between Emotion Terms and Components of Anger Expressions
Alvarado, N., & Jameson, K. A. (2002) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1019815402873 · Cited by 18
“Smith and Scott (1997) review component approaches where encoding is based on emotional experience, including appraisals (Kaiser & Wehrle, 2001), but other theorists hypothesize encoding on the basis of social communication theories (Chovil, 1991), action tendencies, or ethology (Fridlund, 1994, 1997; Frijda & Tcherka…”
BackgroundInfluentialPerception of temporal asymmetries in dynamic facial expressions
Reinl, M., & Bartels, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01107 · Cited by 16
van Amelsvoort, M., Joosten, B., Krahmer, E., & Postma, E. O. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.016 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Frijda, N. H., & Tcherkassof, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Tcherkassof, Anna
- Venue
- The Psychology of Facial Expression
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1997-03-28
- Pages
- 78-102
- OpenAlex
- W2067111052
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.48
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Keywords
- facial expressions, action readiness, emotional expression, expressive behavior, inner feelings, knowledge of other minds, philosophy of mind, emotion and behavior
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