The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?
Abstract
This book is about the importance of animal size. We tend to think of animal function in chemical terms and talk of water, salts, proteins, enzymes, oxygen, energy, and so on. We should not forget, however, that physical laws are equally important, for they determine rates of diffusion and heat transfer, transfer of force and momentum, the strength of structures, the dynamics of locomotion, and other aspects of the functioning of animal bodies. Physical laws provide possibilities and opportunities for an organism, yet they also impose constraints, setting limits to what is physically possible. This book aims to give an understanding of these rules because of their profound implications when we deal with animals of widely different size and scale. The reader will find that the book raises many questions. Remarkable and puzzling information makes it read a little like a detective story, but the last chapter, instead of giving the final solution, neither answers all questions nor provides one great unifying principle.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“women have a higher surface-to-volume ratio (which allows for greater heat loss via the skin), different body composition (higher fat mass and less muscle mass) and lower metabolic rate (less [metabolically-active] fat-free mass in women and thus up to 20% less heat production [63–65]).”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A General Model for the Origin of Allometric Scaling Laws in Biology
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.122 · Cited by 5,016
A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23251 · Cited by 1,440
Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish
Clarke, A., & Johnston, N. M. (1999) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00337.x · Cited by 1,408
Mechanism-Based Concepts of Size and Maturity in Pharmacokinetics
Anderson, B. J., & Holford, N. H. G. (2007) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094708 · Cited by 1,158
Glazier, D. S. (2005) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793105006834 · Cited by 1,088
New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data
Carter, D. R. P., Bouxsein, M., & Marcus, R. (1992) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650070204 · Cited by 1,072
Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics
Klingenberg, C. P. (2016) · Development Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00427-016-0539-2 · Cited by 1,071
Fairbairn, D. J. (1997) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.659 · Cited by 1,043
Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences
West‐Eberhard, M. J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501844102 · Cited by 998
Organism Size, Life History, and N:P Stoichiometry
Elser, J. J., Dobberfuhl, D. R., MacKay, N. A., & Schampel, J. H. (1996) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1312897 · Cited by 996
The use of performance indicators in performance analysis
Hughes, M. D., & Bartlett, R. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102320675602 · Cited by 992
Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density
Enquist, B. J., Brown, J. H., & West, G. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25977 · Cited by 933
Scaling Body Support in Mammals: Limb Posture and Muscle Mechanics
Biewener, A. A. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2740914 · Cited by 865
Size and form in efficient transportation networks
Banavar, J. R., Maritan, A., & Rinaldo, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20144 · Cited by 856
Garland, T., & Ives, A. R. (2000) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303327 · Cited by 824
Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics
Jungers, W. L., Falsetti, A. B., & Wall, C. E. (1995) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330380608 · Cited by 759
Herculano-Houzel, S. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201895109 · Cited by 726
Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores
Carbone, C., Mace, G. M., Roberts, S. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/46266 · Cited by 740
The predominance of quarter‐power scaling in biology
Savage, V. M., Gillooly, J. F., Woodruff, W. H., West, G. B., Allen, A. P., Enquist, B. J., & Brown, J. H. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00856.x · Cited by 713
The paradigm of body condition: a critical reappraisal of current methods based on mass and length
Peig, J., & Green, A. J. (2010) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01751.x · Cited by 719
Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids
Ruff, C. B. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330370605 · Cited by 684
Why does metabolism scale with temperature?
Clarke, A., & Fraser, K. P. P. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00841.x · Cited by 679
Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals
West, G. B., Woodruff, W. H., & Brown, J. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012579799 · Cited by 680
Ecotypic variation in the context of global climate change: revisiting the rules
Millien, V., Lyons, S. K., Olson, L. E., Smith, F. A., Wilson, A. B., & Yom‐Tov, Y. (2006) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00928.x · Cited by 697
The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes
Chabot, D., Steffensen, J. F., & Farrell, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12845 · Cited by 667
Weese, J. S., DaCosta, T., Button, L., Goth, K., Ethier, M., & Boehnke, K. (2004) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18 · Cited by 103
Behavioral Causes and Consequences of Sexual Size Dimorphism
Blanckenhorn, W. U. (2005) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01147.x · Cited by 606
Biomechanics of Mammalian Terrestrial Locomotion
Biewener, A. A. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2251499 · Cited by 578
Body size and proportions in early hominids
McHenry, H. M. (1992) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330870404 · Cited by 583
WALKING ON WATER: Biolocomotion at the Interface
Bush, J. W. M., & Hu, D. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092157 · Cited by 582
Speed, Stride Frequency and Energy Cost Per Stride: How Do They Change With Body Size and Gait?
Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.138.1.301 · Cited by 552
To Scale or Not to Scale: The Principles of Dose Extrapolation
Sharma, V., & McNeill, J. H. (2009) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00267.x · Cited by 544
Wang, Z., Ying, Z., Bosy-Westphal, A., Zhang, J., Schautz, B., Later, W., Heymsfield, S. B., & Müller, M. J. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29885 · Cited by 546
Damuth, J. D. (1987) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01990.x · Cited by 543
The Ecological Context of Life History Evolution
Partridge, L., & Harvey, P. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.241.4872.1449 · Cited by 533
Resolving temporal variation in vertebrate diets using naturally occurring stable isotopes
Dalerum, F., & Angerbjörn, A. (2005) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0118-0 · Cited by 516
Experimental Tests of the Roles of Adaptation, Chance, and History in Evolution
Travisano, M., Mongold, J. A., Bennett, A. F., & Lenski, R. E. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7809610 · Cited by 503
Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths
Morse, D. R., Lawton, J. H., Dodson, M. M., & Williamson, M. H. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/314731a0 · Cited by 507
The Development and Evolution of Exaggerated Morphologies in Insects
Emlen, D. J., & Nijhout, H. F. (2000) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.661 · Cited by 507
Life History Patterns and Correlations in Sharks
Cortés, E. (2000) · Reviews in Fisheries Science · doi:10.1080/10408340308951115 · Cited by 505
Variation in Human Body Size and Shape
Ruff, C. B. (2002) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085407 · Cited by 524
Barja, G. (1999) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1023/a:1005427919188 · Cited by 494
Dell, A. I., Pawar, S. S., & Savage, V. M. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12081 · Cited by 490
Energy Landscapes Shape Animal Movement Ecology
Shepard, E. L. C., Wilson, R. P., Rees, G., Grundy, E., Lambertucci, S. A., & Vosper, S. (2013) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/671257 · Cited by 496
Dewey, F. E., Rosenthal, D. N., Murphy, D. J., Froelicher, V. F., & Ashley, E. A. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.736785 · Cited by 476
Stillwell, R., Blanckenhorn, W., Teder, T., Davidowitz, G., & Fox, C. (2010) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085500 · Cited by 453
Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism
White, C. R., & Seymour, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01501 · Cited by 433
Why Does Cerebral Cortex Fissure and Fold?
Welker, W. I. (1990) · Cerebral cortex · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3824-0_1 · Cited by 433
Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism
Sander, P. M., Christian, A., Clauß, M., Fechner, R., Gee, C. T., Griebeler, E. M., Gunga, H., Hummel, J., Mallison, H., Perry, S. F., et al. (2010) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x · Cited by 429
The origin and evolution of dinosaurs
Sereno, P. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435 · Cited by 426
Thorpe, J. E., Mangel, M., Metcalfe, N. B., & Huntingford, F. A. (1998) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1023/a:1022351814644 · Cited by 417
Invariant scaling relationships for interspecific plant biomass production rates and body size
Niklas, K. J., & Enquist, B. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.041590298 · Cited by 420
The fractal nature of nature: power laws, ecological complexity and biodiversity
Brown, J. H., Gupta, V. K., Li, B.-L., Milne, B. T., Restrepo, C., & West, G. B. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0993 · Cited by 396
Scaling and power-laws in ecological systems
Marquet, P. A., Quiñones, R. A., Abades, S. R., Labra, F. A., Tognelli, M. F., Arim, M., & Rivadeneira, M. M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01588 · Cited by 410
A unifying explanation for diverse metabolic scaling in animals and plants
Glazier, D. S. (2009) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00095.x · Cited by 405
Principles of Design of Fluid Transport Systems in Zoology
LaBarbera, M. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2396104 · Cited by 395
Walker, J. A. (1997) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01777.x · Cited by 399
Plant allometry: is there a grand unifying theory?
Niklas, K. J. (2004) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793104006499 · Cited by 394
de Simone, G., Devereux, R. B., Koren, M. J., Mensah, G. A., Casale, P. N., & Laragh, J. H. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.2.259 · Cited by 374
Protists decrease in size linearly with temperature:ca. 2.5% °C−1
Atkinson, D., Ciotti, B. J., & Montagnes, D. J. S. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2538 · Cited by 375
de Magalhães, J. P., Costa, J. S., & Church, G. M. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.2.149 · Cited by 375
Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare
Zahl, I. H., Samuelsen, O. B., & Kiessling, A. (2011) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-011-9565-1 · Cited by 388
Sex Differences in the Human Corpus Callosum: Myth or Reality?
Bishop, K. M., & Wahłsten, D. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00049-8 · Cited by 365
Measurement and Meaning in Biology
Houle, D., Pélabon, C., Wagner, G. P., & Hansen, T. F. (2011) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/658408 · Cited by 375
Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: variation in species richness and body size
Cushman, J. H., Lawton, J. H., & Manly, B. F. J. (1993) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00649503 · Cited by 362
Seibel, B. A., & Drazen, J. C. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2101 · Cited by 373
The constructal law of design and evolution in nature
Bejan, A., & Lorente, S. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0302 · Cited by 354
Chown, S. L., & Gaston, K. J. (1999) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1999.tb00182.x · Cited by 399
Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas
Dolenšek, J., Rupnik, M. S., & Stožer, A. (2015) · Islets · doi:10.1080/19382014.2015.1024405 · Cited by 379
Unpacking “Honesty”: Vertebrate Vocal Production and the Evolution of Acoustic Signals
Fitch, W. T., & HAUSER, M. D. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-22762-8_3 · Cited by 348
Critical weight in the development of insect body size
Davidowitz, G., D’Amico, L. J., & Nijhout, H. F. (2003) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2003.03026.x · Cited by 343
Dimensionality of consumer search space drives trophic interaction strengths
Pawar, S. S., Dell, A. I., & Savage, V. M. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11131 · Cited by 341
Analysis of covariance: an alternative to nutritional indices
Raubenheimer, D., & Simpson, S. L. (1992) · Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata · doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb00662.x · Cited by 322
Is metabolic rate a universal ‘pacemaker’ for biological processes?
Glazier, D. S. (2014) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12115 · Cited by 345
Barnes, A. I., & Siva‐Jothy, M. T. (2000) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.0984 · Cited by 326
Active and resting metabolism in birds: allometry, phylogeny and ecology
Bennett, P. M., & Harvey, P. (1987) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03708.x · Cited by 326
Koehl, M. A. R. (1996) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.501 · Cited by 333
Scaling physiological measurements for individuals of different body size
Nevill, A. M., Ramsbottom, R., & Williams, C. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00705066 · Cited by 327
Payne, J. L., Boyer, A. G., Brown, J. H., Finnegan, S., Kowalewski, M., Krause, R. A., Lyons, S. K., McClain, C. R., McShea, D. W., Novack-Gottshall, P. M., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0806314106 · Cited by 325
Individual versus social complexity, with particular reference to ant colonies
ANDERSON, C., & McShea, D. W. (2001) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793101005656 · Cited by 322
The developmental basis for allometry in insects
Stern, D. L., & Emlen, D. J. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.6.1091 · Cited by 323
Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Normotensive Children and Adults
SIMONE, G. D., Devereux, R. B., Daniels, S. R., Mureddu, G., Roman, M. J., Kimball, T. R., Greco, R., Witt, S. A., & Contaldo, F. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.7.1837 · Cited by 317
The Ecology and Macroecology of Mammalian Home Range Area
Kelt, D. A., & Vuren, D. H. V. (2001) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/320621 · Cited by 362
The allometry of ornaments and weapons
Kodric‐Brown, A., Sibly, R. M., & Brown, J. H. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602994103 · Cited by 316
Weibel, E. R., Bacigalupe, L. D., Schmitt, B., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2004) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2004.01.006 · Cited by 307
Scaling of number, size, and metabolic rate of cells with body size in mammals
Savage, V. M., Allen, A. P., Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Herman, A. B., Woodruff, W. H., & West, G. B. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611235104 · Cited by 312
Size, Scaling, and the Evolution of Complex Life Cycles
Werner, E. E. (1988) · Size-Structured Populations · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74001-5_6 · Cited by 317
Implications of nonshivering thermogenesis for energy balance regulation in humans
Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M., & Schrauwen, P. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00652.2010 · Cited by 318
Integrated phenotypes: understanding trait covariation in plants and animals
Armbruster, W. S., Pélabon, C., Bolstad, G. H., & Hansen, T. F. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0245 · Cited by 311
The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia
Craven, B. A., Paterson, E. G., & Settles, G. S. (2009) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0490 · Cited by 321
The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization
Williams, T. M. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0371 · Cited by 299
A meta‐analysis of resource pulse–consumer interactions
Yang, L. H., Edwards, K. F., Byrnes, J. E. K., Bastow, J. L., Wright, A. N., & Spence, K. O. (2010) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/08-1996.1 · Cited by 297
Water transport in trees: current perspectives, new insights and some controversies
Meinzer, F. C., Clearwater, M. J., & Goldstein, G. (2001) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/s0098-8472(01)00074-0 · Cited by 298
BERGMANN SIZE CLINES: A SIMPLE EXPLANATION FOR THEIR OCCURRENCE IN ECTOTHERMS
Voorhies, W. A. V. (1996) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02366.x · Cited by 298
Ruff, C. B., & Walker, A. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10382-1_11 · Cited by 295
Macrophysiology: large‐scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications
Chown, S. L., Gaston, K. J., & Robinson, D. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00825.x · Cited by 293
Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny
Klingenberg, C. P. (1998) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s000632319800512x · Cited by 721
Lavin, S. R., Karasov, W. H., Ives, A. R., Middleton, K. M., & Garland Jr., T. (2008) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/590395 · Cited by 289
Evolution of morphological allometry
Pélabon, C., Firmat, C., Bolstad, G. H., Voje, K. L., Houle, D., Cassara, J. A., Rouzic, A. L., & Hansen, T. F. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12470 · Cited by 281
Evolution of Body Size in the Woodrat over the Past 25,000 Years of Climate Change
Smith, F. A., Betancourt, J. L., & Brown, J. H. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5244.2012 · Cited by 277
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt-Nielsen, K.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1984-07-27
- OpenAlex
- W4239578492
- Cited by
- 2,677
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 30.96
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Keywords
- animal size, allometry, diffusion, heat transfer, structural strength, locomotion, scaling laws, animal physiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review