The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?
Abstract
This book is about the importance of animal size. We tend to think of animal function in chemical terms and talk of water, salts, proteins, enzymes, oxygen, energy, and so on. We should not forget, however, that physical laws are equally important, for they determine rates of diffusion and heat transfer, transfer of force and momentum, the strength of structures, the dynamics of locomotion, and other aspects of the functioning of animal bodies. Physical laws provide possibilities and opportunities for an organism, yet they also impose constraints, setting limits to what is physically possible. This book aims to give an understanding of these rules because of their profound implications when we deal with animals of widely different size and scale. The reader will find that the book raises many questions. Remarkable and puzzling information makes it read a little like a detective story, but the last chapter, instead of giving the final solution, neither answers all questions nor provides one great unifying principle.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“women have a higher surface-to-volume ratio (which allows for greater heat loss via the skin), different body composition (higher fat mass and less muscle mass) and lower metabolic rate (less [metabolically-active] fat-free mass in women and thus up to 20% less heat production [63–65]).”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,005
The surface-to-volume ratio in thermal physics: from cheese cube physics to animal metabolism
Planinšič, G., & Vollmer, M. (2008) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/0143-0807/29/2/017 · Cited by 57
Thermodynamic constraints on neural dimensions, firing rates, brain temperature and size
Karbowski, J. (2009) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-009-0153-7 · Cited by 58
Short life cycles in insects and mites
Danks, H. V. (2006) · The Canadian Entomologist · doi:10.4039/n06-803 · Cited by 57
Genotype by temperature interactions in the metabolic rate of the Glanville fritillary butterfly
Niitepõld, K. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.034132 · Cited by 59
Contribution of mitochondria and peroxisomes to palmitate oxidation in rat and bovine tissues
Piot, C., Veerkamp, J. H., Bauchart, D., & Hocquette, J.-F. J.-F. (1998) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10087-1 · Cited by 57
Kajiura, S. M., Forni, J. B., & Summers, A. P. (2004) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10208 · Cited by 57
Saraux, C., Viblanc, V. A., Hanuise, N., Maho, Y. L., & Bohec, C. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020407 · Cited by 61
King, M. O., & Swanson, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.079574 · Cited by 57
Larson, P. M. (2005) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10313 · Cited by 56
Jørgensen, C., Enberg, K., & Mangel, M. (2016) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12834 · Cited by 62
BODY-MASS ESTIMATION IN PALEONTOLOGY: A REVIEW OF VOLUMETRIC TECHNIQUES
Brassey, C. (2016) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/scs.2017.12 · Cited by 57
Biological scaling analyses are more than statistical line fitting
Glazier, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.241059 · Cited by 56
Ecological correlates of hind‐limb length in the Carnivora
Harris, M. A., & Steudel, K. L. (1997) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01966.x · Cited by 55
INDIVIDUALLY VARIABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN RELATION TO ENERGETIC COSTS OF EGG PRODUCTION
Vézina, F., Speakman, J. R., & Williams, T. D. (2006) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2447:ivemsi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 55
Dawley, E. M., & Crowder, J. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903590303 · Cited by 56
‘Extreme’ organisms and the problem of generalization: interpreting the Krogh principle
Green, S., Dietrich, M. R., Leonelli, S., & Ankeny, R. A. (2018) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-018-0231-0 · Cited by 56
Universal scaling law of electrical turbulence in the mammalian heart
Noujaim, S. F., Berenfeld, O., Kalifa, J., Cerrone, M., Nanthakumar, K., Atienza, F., Moreno, J., Mironov, S. F., & Jalife, J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0709758104 · Cited by 53
Gunga, H., Suthau, T., Bellmann, A., Stoinski, S., Friedrich, A., Trippel, T., Kirsch, K., & Hellwich, O. (2008) · Fossil record · doi:10.1002/mmng.200700011 · Cited by 55
The ideal and the feasible: physical constraints on evolution
Alexander, R. M. (1985) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02046.x · Cited by 55
Tuya, F., Larsen, K., & Platt, V. (2010) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0527-x · Cited by 55
A comparative study of morphometry in shell-bearing molluscs
Tokeshi, M., Ota, N., & Kawai, T. (2000) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00590.x · Cited by 57
Ontogenetic changes in jaw-muscle architecture facilitate durophagy in the turtleSternotherus minor
Pfaller, J. B., Gignac, P. M., & Erickson, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048090 · Cited by 54
Comparison of rotator cuff muscle architecture among humans and selected vertebrate species
Mathewson, M. A., Kwan, A., Eng, C. M., Lieber, R. L., & Ward, S. R. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.083923 · Cited by 55
Lagos, M. E., White, C. R., & Marshall, D. J. (2017) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12913 · Cited by 54
Body temperature stability in the whale shark, the world's largest fish
Nakamura, I., Matsumoto, R., & Sato, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.210286 · Cited by 60
Yoder, J. A., & GROJEAN, N. C. (1997) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01143.x · Cited by 55
Huang, S., & Wikswo, J. P. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/112_0602 · Cited by 54
Scaling of maximum net force output by motors used for locomotion
Marden, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01483 · Cited by 55
Starostová, Z., Kratochvíl, L., & Frynta, D. (2005) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01020.x · Cited by 55
Curtin, N. A., & WOLEDGE, R. C. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.158.1.343 · Cited by 55
Movement and Seasonal Energetics Mediate Vulnerability to Disturbance in Marine Mammal Populations
Gallagher, C. A., Grimm, V., Kyhn, L. A., et al. (2020) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/712798 · Cited by 54
Evolution of ventricular myocyte electrophysiology
Rosati, B., Dong, M., Cheng, L., Liou, S., Yan, Q., Park, J. Y., Shiang, E. L., Sanguinetti, M. C., Wang, H., & McKinnon, D. H. (2008) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00159.2007 · Cited by 52
Integrating the Effects of Ocean Acidification across Functional Scales on Tropical Coral Reefs
Edmunds, P. J., Comeau, S., Lantz, C. A., Andersson, A. J., Briggs, C. J., Cohen, A. L., Gattuso, J., Grady, J. M., Gross, K., Johnson, M. D., et al. (2016) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biw023 · Cited by 58
Yool, A., Martin, A. P., Anderson, T. R., Bett, B. J., Jones, D. O. B., & Ruhl, H. A. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13680 · Cited by 54
Helm, B. R., Rinehart, J. P., Yocum, G. D., Greenlee, K. J., & Bowsher, J. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703008114 · Cited by 54
Quantitative genetics of the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea: Cheverud's conjecture revisited
Reusch, T., & Blanckenhorn, W. U. (1998) · Heredity · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00368.x · Cited by 54
Egi, N., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., & Tsubamoto, T. (2004) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/b:ijop.0000014651.82525.54 · Cited by 54
Bundle, M. W., Hansen, K. S., & Dial, K. P. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02727 · Cited by 52
Ontogenetic change in novel functions: waterfall climbing in adult Hawaiian gobiid fishes
Blob, R. W., Wright, K. M., Becker, M., Maie, T., Iverson, T. J., Julius, M. L., & Schoenfuss, H. L. (2007) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00315.x · Cited by 54
Krewski, D. R., Gaylor, D. W., Soms, A. P., et al. (1993) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00738.x · Cited by 54
Sloggett, J. J. (2008) · European Journal of Entomology · doi:10.14411/eje.2008.048 · Cited by 54
Johnson, T. P., Swoap, S. J., Bennett, A. F., et al. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.174.1.199 · Cited by 54
Haman, F., Souza, S. C. S., Castellani, J. W., Dupuis, M.-P., Friedl, K. E., Sullivan‐Kwantes, W., & Kingma, B. (2022) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2022.2044740 · Cited by 56
Rychlik, L., Ramalhinho, M. D. G., & Polly, P. D. (2006) · Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00374.x · Cited by 56
Laparie, M., Lebouvier, M., Lalouette, L., et al. (2010) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9739-2 · Cited by 53
Hernández, M. I. M., Monteiro, L. R., & Favila, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1673/031.011.0113 · Cited by 52
Figueirido, B., Pérez‐Claros, J. A., Hunt, R. M., & Palmqvist, P. (2010) · Acta Palaeontologica Polonica · doi:10.4202/app.2010.0005 · Cited by 53
Metabolic scaling in modular animals
Burgess, S. C., Ryan, W. H., Blackstone, N. W., Edmunds, P. J., Hoogenboom, M. O., Levitan, D. R., & Wulff, J. L. (2017) · Invertebrate Biology · doi:10.1111/ivb.12199 · Cited by 56
Impact of Adaptive Thermogenesis in Mice on the Treatment of Obesity
Bastías-Pérez, M., Zagmutt, S., Soler‐Vázquez, M. C., Serra, D., Mera, P., & Herrero, L. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9020316 · Cited by 53
Garrard, G. E., Mccarthy, M. A., Vesk, P. A., Radford, J. Q., & Bennett, A. F. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01891.x · Cited by 54
A new method to estimate individual dry weights of rotifers
Pauli, H.-R. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0465-1_43 · Cited by 53
Similitude in the Cardiovascular System of Mammals
Dawson, T. H. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.3.395 · Cited by 53
Gibbs, A. G., & Somero, G. N. (1990) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/bf01344307 · Cited by 53
Allometric scaling and locomotor function in the primate pelvis
Lewton, K. L. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22696 · Cited by 52
Auletta, G. (2011) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608485.001.0001 · Cited by 91
Influence of body mass on the shape of forelimb in musteloid carnivorans
Fabre, A., Cornette, R., Peigné, S., & Goswami, A. (2013) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12103 · Cited by 52
Polilov, A. A. (2008) · Entomological Review · doi:10.1134/s0013873808010041 · Cited by 52
Rego, B. L., Wang, S. C., Altıner, D., & Payne, J. L. (2012) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/11040.1 · Cited by 52
Mathematical modeling of cardiac growth and remodeling
Lee, L. C., Kassab, G. S., & Guccione, J. M. (2016) · WIREs Systems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1002/wsbm.1330 · Cited by 54
Gollner, S., Govenar, B., Fisher, C. R., et al. (2014) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps11078 · Cited by 52
Herrel, A., Wassenbergh, S. V., Wouters, S., et al. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01604 · Cited by 52
Thermoregulation in army ant bivouacs
Franks, N. R. (1989) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1989.tb01109.x · Cited by 52
Scaling of suction-feeding kinematics and dynamics in the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus
Wassenbergh, S. V., Aerts, P., & Herrel, A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01603 · Cited by 52
The skeletal function of non‐genic nuclear DNA: new evidence from ancient cell chimaeras
Cavalier‐Smith, T., & Beaton, M. J. (1999) · Genetica · doi:10.1023/a:1003701925110 · Cited by 52
Shuter, B. J., Ihssen, P. E., Wales, D. L., et al. (1989) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03028.x · Cited by 52
Body size shifts influence effects of increasing temperatures on ectotherm metabolism
Riemer, K., Anderson‐Teixeira, K. J., Smith, F. A., Harris, D. J., & Ernest, S. K. M. (2018) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12757 · Cited by 52
Flynn, J. J., Finarelli, J. A., & Spaulding, M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139193436.003 · Cited by 54
Niitepõld, K., & Hanski, I. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.080739 · Cited by 53
Toussaint, D. C., & McKechnie, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0683-6 · Cited by 51
THERMAL INFRARED RADIATION FROM FREE LIVING WHALES
Cuyler, L. C., Wiulsrød, R., & Øritsland, N. A. (1992) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00371.x · Cited by 51
Polyphagy and adult body size in geometrid moths
Lindström, J., Kaila, L., & Niemelä, P. (1994) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00341463 · Cited by 51
Luque, S. P., & Ferguson, S. H. (2009) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0694-2 · Cited by 51
Tree‐climbing capabilities of Norway and ship rats
Foster, F. S., King, C. M., Patty, B., et al. (2011) · New Zealand Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1080/03014223.2011.599400 · Cited by 51
COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY:An Interdisciplinary Convergence
Burggren, W. W., & Warburton, S. J. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.104223 · Cited by 51
Alberts, J. R., & Cramer, C. P. (1988) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_1 · Cited by 54
Livezey, B. C. (1992) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.1052130108 · Cited by 50
Marchini, M., Sparrow, L. M., Cosman, M. N., Dowhanik, A., Krueger, C., Hallgrímsson, B., & Rolian, C. (2014) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0258-0 · Cited by 54
Invasive European rats in Britain and New Zealand: same species, different outcomes
King, C. M., Foster, S., & Miller, S. (2011) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00827.x · Cited by 50
Muscle Mass Scaling in Primates: An Energetic and Ecological Perspective
Muchlinski, M. N., Snodgrass, J. J., & Terranova, C. J. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.21990 · Cited by 50
Carvalho, H. M., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Gonçalves, C. E., Philippaerts, R. M., Castagna, C., & Malina, R. M. (2011) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2011.613852 · Cited by 50
Glazier, D. S. (2015) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology4010187 · Cited by 51
Quantifying habitat complexity in aquatic ecosystems
Shumway, C. A., Hofmann, H. A., & Dobberfuhl, A. (2007) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01754.x · Cited by 50
Shrestha, A. K., van Wieren, S. E., van Langevelde, F., Fuller, A., Hetem, R. S., Meyer, L. C. R., de Bie, S., & Prins, H. H. T. (2013) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-012-0622-y · Cited by 50
Demystifying the West, Brown & Enquist model of the allometry of metabolism
Etienne, R., Apol, M. E. F., & Olff, H. (2006) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01136.x · Cited by 57
Matysioková, B., & Remeš, V. (2018) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13580 · Cited by 52
Christensen, E. A. F., Svendsen, M. B. S., & Steffensen, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.14435 · Cited by 53
Bennett, A. F., Seymour, R. S., Bradford, D. F., & Webb, G. J. W. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.118.1.161 · Cited by 51
Asymmetrical Force Production in the Maneuvering Flight of Pigeons
Dial, K. P., & Biewener, A. A. (1998) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4089510 · Cited by 50
Sakamoto, M., Lloyd, G. T., & Benton, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01922.x · Cited by 50
Is body size of the water frog Rana esculenta complex responding to climate change?
Tryjanowski, P., Sparks, T. H., Rybacki, M., et al. (2006) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0085-2 · Cited by 50
Was a ‘hyperdisease’ responsible for the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinction?
Lyons, S. K., Smith, F. A., Wagner, P. J., White, E. P., & Brown, J. H. (2004) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00643.x · Cited by 50
Spaargaren, D. H. (1994) · Acta Biotheoretica · doi:10.1007/bf00707392 · Cited by 50
Habitat primary production and the evolution of body size within the hartebeest clade
Capellini, I., & Gosling, L. M. (2007) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00883.x · Cited by 50
Sex and Age Dimorphism in the Barn Owl and a Test of Mate Choice
Marti, C. D. (1990) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4087606 · Cited by 47
Sex‐specific selective pressures on body mass in the greater white‐toothed shrew, Crocidura russula
Bouteiller-Reuter, C., & Perrin, N. (2004) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00836.x · Cited by 50
Decelle, J., Andersen, A. C., & Hourdez, S. (2010) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-010-1406-8 · Cited by 49
Gingerich, P. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316711644 · Cited by 48
The equine hind limb is actively stabilized during standing
Schuurman, S. O., Kersten, W., & Weijs, W. A. (2003) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00166.x · Cited by 49
Ontogenetic scaling of poison glands in a dendrobatid poison frog
Saporito, R. A., Isola, M., Maccachero, V. C., Condon, K. W., & Donnelly, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00732.x · Cited by 50
A Cervid Vocal Fold Model Suggests Greater Glottal Efficiency in Calling at High Frequencies
Titze, I. R., & Riede, T. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000897 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt-Nielsen, K.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1984-07-27
- OpenAlex
- W4239578492
- Cited by
- 2,677
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 30.96
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Keywords
- animal size, allometry, diffusion, heat transfer, structural strength, locomotion, scaling laws, animal physiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review