Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

No relevant review articles were identified for psychological drivers in stage one.

“As there were no relevant review articles identified for psychological drivers in stage one, a rapid evidence assessment on original empirical works (as opposed to review papers) was conducted.”

May combine two claims.

For psychological and contextual factors, existing review literature was scarce and not sufficiently covering potential drivers, so original literature was reviewed.

“For both psychological and contextual factors, existing review literature identified by the first stage of search was scarce and not sufficiently covering potential drivers of diversity, which is why in a second stage, original literature was reviewed for both factors.”

May combine two claims.

The potentially diversity-driving factors identified amongst the review papers include age, sex, body composition and fitness, metabolic rate, and physiological adaptation due to temperature acclimation and habituation of different climatic zones, seasonal adaptation, and circadian/diurnal rhythm.

“The potentially diversity-driving factors that have been identified amongst these review papers include age, sex, body composition and fitness, metabolic rate, and physiological adaptation due to temperature acclimation and habituation of different climatic zones, seasonal adaptation, and circadian/diurnal rhythm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Nine records were retained for the review of reviews.

“Nine records were retained for the review.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several relevant review papers for context-related drivers were identified in stage one.

“Several relevant review papers for context-related drivers were identified in stage one, but additional search terms were used to focus on specific aspects of the built environment that impact thermal perception.”

May combine two claims.

Overweight children perceived the thermal environment as being hotter than the non-overweight group, with corresponding higher body temperatures in the overweight children.

“Overweight children perceived the thermal environment as being hotter than the non-overweight group, with corresponding higher body temperatures in the overweight children.”

• cites [70] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [74] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [77] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Different clothing patterns of women and men are regularly reported in field studies, with women usually exhibiting lower CLO values than men.

“Also, different clothing patterns of women and men are regularly reported in field studies, with women usually exhibiting lower CLO values than men [59,67].”

• cites [59] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [67] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other studies have shown no effect of body fat percentage on heat loss and/or body temperature, which the authors have attributed to high skin blood flow in heat and exercise.

“However, other studies have shown no effect of body fat percentage on heat loss and/or body temperature, which the authors have attributed to high skin blood flow in heat and exercise [72–74].”

• cites [72] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [73] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [74] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In general, the evidence for age-related differences of preferred temperature/comfort temperature is unclear and it is therefore difficult to draw definite conclusions from the available data.

“In general, the evidence for age-related differences of preferred temperature/comfort temperature is unclear and it is therefore difficult to draw definite conclusions from the available data.”

May combine two claims.

Most original studies identified by the review papers presented in Table 4 report women to be more sensitive to temperature fluctuations, women to be more often dissatisfied than men, women to have smaller comfort zones and to be more often uncomfortably hot or cold than men.

“In summary, most original studies identified by the review papers presented in Table 4 report women to be more sensitive to temperature fluctuations, women to be more often dissatisfied than men, women to have smaller comfort zones and to be more often uncomfortably hot or cold than men [59–61,67].”

• cites [59] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [60] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [61] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [67] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Luo et al. [82] report two studies showing that level of activity influences preferred ambient temperature: the more active an individual is, the lower is the preferred temperature.

“Regarding the effect of metabolic rate on subjective perception, Luo et al. [82] report two studies showing that level of activity influences preferred ambient temperature: the more active an individual is, the lower is the preferred temperature.”

• cites [82] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Seven out of nine studies found a significant effect of personal control, three of which took place in the field as opposed to a lab setting.

“Seven out of nine studies found a significant effect of personal control, three of which took place in the field as opposed to a lab setting.”

May combine two claims.

When considering those five studies that reported an effect of personal control on the thermal neutral temperature, the effect was between 0 K and 3.4 K, with a mean effect of 2.16 K (SD = 1.28).

“When considering those five studies that reported an effect of personal control on the thermal neutral temperature, the effect was between 0 K4 and 3.4 K. The mean effect was 2.16 K (SD = 1.28).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A general overview of literature on thermal perception under heterogeneous (non-uniform) and dynamic indoor conditions by Mishra et al. [104] shows that in general, the indoor environment can be variable and acceptable at the same time.

“A general overview of literature on thermal perception under heterogeneous (non-uniform) and dynamic indoor conditions is provided by Mishra et al. [104] showing that in general, the indoor environment can be variable and acceptable at the same time.”

• cites [104] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cited studies often exchange the terms thermal comfort and thermal sensation and treat them as synonyms.

“It is important to note that the cited studies often exchange the terms thermal comfort and thermal sensation and, repeatedly, treat them as synonyms.”

May combine two claims.

Data obtained from laboratory studies showed that thermal sensation was affected significantly by the trait extraversion, and thermal preference was affected by neuroticism, openness and specSE.

“Data obtained from laboratory studies showed that thermal sensation was affected significantly by the trait extraversion, and thermal preference was affected by neuroticism, openness and specSE.”

• cites [49] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

A field study in hospitals showed that higher perceived fitness was associated with significantly lower preferred temperatures, and people who reported feeling frail and less vigorous preferred warmer environments.

“Regarding the effect of physical fitness on temperature perception, a field study in hospitals showed that higher perceived fitness was associated with significantly lower preferred temperatures, and the other way round, people who reported feeling frail and less vigorous preferred warmer environments [81].”

• cites [81] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Applying the approach by Schweiker et al. to the TNZ model by adjusting clothing insulation level and metabolic rate based on the running mean outdoor temperature (Trm) shifts the pdfTNZ towards higher operative temperatures and the Top centroid shows the same trend as the neutral temperature calculated according to EN 15251.

“The approach by Schweiker et al. can also be applied to the TNZ model by adjusting clothing insulation level and metabolic rate based on the running mean outdoor temperature (Trm). Consequently, the pdfTNZ is shifted towards higher operative temperatures (Figure 5a green line) and the Top centroid (Figure 5b green line) shows the same trend as the neutral temperature calculated according to EN 152”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It has been established based on the existing literature that habituation of different climatic zones, as well as seasonal changes of the thermal environment, induce physiological adaptation, which is also accompanied by subjective adaptation of thermal perception.

“It has been established based on the existing literature that habituation of different climatic zones, as well as seasonal changes of the thermal environment, induce physiological adaptation, which is also accompanied by subjective adaptation of thermal perception.”

May combine two claims.

The literature review has shown ambiguous results for age- and sex-related differences, but a clear trend for body composition (weight and BMI) and metabolic rate.

“The literature review has shown ambiguous results for age- and sex-related differences, but a clear trend for body composition (weight and BMI) and metabolic rate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The review on psychological drivers describes personal control as one of the most investigated psychological drivers with clear effects on thermal perception.

“The review on psychological drivers describes personal control as one othe most investigated psychological driver with clear effects on thermal perception.”

May combine two claims.

The pdfTNZ for males is shifted to the cold side compared to that for females in a similar way like the PPS curve shifts, and the pdfTNZ for males has a wider plateau while the shaded area of 80%-acceptance from Rupp et al. is also wider for males.

“For instance, the pdfTNZ for males is shifted to the cold side compared to that for females in a similar way like the PPS curve shifts and the pdfTNZ for males has a wider plateau while the shaded area of 80%-acceptance from Rupp et al. is also wider for males.”

• cites [80] sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These studies do not discuss potential pathways or mechanisms how perceived control may affect thermal perception.

“However, these studies do not discuss potential pathways or mechanisms how perceived control may affect thermal perception.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The topic of control and clothing adaptation are well known and replicable by means of existing thermal comfort models.

“The topic of control, here the effect of control on indoor environmental conditions, and clothing adaptation, which are both drivers of diversity between individuals, are well known and replicable by means of existing thermal comfort models.”

May combine two claims.

The review on contextual drivers showed that local effects and radiant asymmetries do affect thermal perception of individual body parts and can affect the overall sensation.

“The review on contextual drivers showed that local effects and radiant asymmetries do affect thermal perception of individual body parts and can affect the overall sensation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This review confirms that many different variables have been taken into consideration to explain the vast diversity of thermal perception among humans.

“This review confirms that many different variables have been taken into consideration to explain the vast diversity of thermal perception among humans, as exemplarily demonstrated in Figure 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Existing review publications on physiological adaptation and thermal perception predominantly focused on (sub)tropical conditions and lacked examples for cold environments.

“For example, the existing review publications regarding physiological adaptation and thermal perception was predominantly focused on (sub)tropical conditions but lacked examples for cold environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Modelling the adaptation of metabolic rate and body tissue insulation can replicate the observations of field studies.

“With respect to physiological adaptation, modelling the adaptation of metabolic rate and body tissue insulation can replicate the observations of field studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a huge variety of potential drivers of diversity.

“In conclusion, there is a huge variety of potential drivers of diversity and much more research is required to understand better the underlying mechanism of diversity.”

May combine two claims.

In our review, we show that body composition, metabolic rate, adaptation to certain thermal environments, and personal control can be considered as important previously-established drivers of diversity.

“In our review, we show that body composition, metabolic rate, adaptation to certain thermal environments, and personal control can be considered as important previously-established drivers of diversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both pathways (metabolic rate adjustment and shift in interpretation of physiological state) can replicate the effects of psychological drivers found in the literature.

“As shown above, both pathways can replicate the effects of psychological drivers found in the literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

While psychological variability can be replicated by adjusting the metabolic rate or by a shift in the interpretation of the physiological signal, much more research is needed to fully understand what the drivers of psychological variability are and how they exert an influence.

“While psychological variability can be replicated by adjusting the metabolic rate or by a shift in the interpretation of the physiological signal, much more research is needed to fully understand what the drivers of psychological variability are and how they exert an influence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A review of the relationship between perceived control, stress, and metabolic rate was beyond the scope of this review and initial searches did not reveal any paper measuring the metabolic rate under different thermal and psychological stressors.

“However, a review of the relationship between perceived control, stress, and metabolic rate was beyond the scope of this review and initial searches did not reveal any paper measuring the metabolic rate under different thermal and psychological stressors.”

May combine two claims.

This review has shown that body composition co-determines people's perception of the thermal environment; people with overweight have been shown to prefer cooler environments.

“This review has shown that body composition co-determines people’s perception of the thermal environment; people with overweight have been shown to prefer cooler environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ramps found to be perceived and not explainable by a steady-state approach, i.e. ramps with a change >2 K/h, are beyond temperature ramps found in buildings in reality, which are below 1 K/h due to existing thermal mass.

“In addition, those ramps found to be perceived and not explainable by a steady-state approach, i.e. ramps with a change >2 K/h, are beyond temperature ramps found in buildings in reality, which are below 1 K/h due to existing thermal mass.”

May combine two claims.

Using the pdfTNZ approach, we show that theoretically, there is an overlap of neutral temperatures for males and females, but towards the fringes of the probability density function, this overlap gradually disappears.

“Using the pdfTNZ approach, we show that theoretically, there is an overlap of neutral temperatures for males and females, but towards the fringes of the probability density function, this overlap gradually disappears.”

May combine two claims.

The effect of temperature gradients is ambiguous and not related to gradients naturally occurring in buildings.

“The effect of temperature gradients is ambiguous and not related to gradients naturally occurring in buildings.”

May combine two claims.

The overlap shifts to different temperatures and/or decreases in magnitude with a change of body composition and also with age.

“The overlap shifts to different temperatures and/or decreases in magnitude with a change of body composition and also with age.”

May combine two claims.

People's thermal perception is diverse; at a given operative temperature, comfort votes range from much too cool to much too warm.

“The data presented uncovers the diversity of thermal perception: on the one hand, people are feeling comfortable (4 on y-axis) between 20°C and 28°C. On the other hand, in the range between 22°C and 28°C votes between ‘much too warm’ (7 on y-axis) and ‘much too cool’ (1 on y-axis) can be found for any given temperature.”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Adjusted heat balance models try to capture thermal adaptation, but the majority is based on the PMV approach, which does not offer a straightforward solution to include individual differences in physiological characteristics.

“In contrast, the adjusted heat balance models try to capture effects of thermal adaptation. However, the majority is based on the PMV approach, which – due to its partly empirical nature – does not offer a straightforward solution to include individual differences in physiological characteristics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is now understood and accepted that people's thermal perception is diverse, either due to physiological differences or through lifestyle/behavior.

“it is now understood and accepted that people’s thermal perception is diverse (either due to physiological differences or through their lifestyle/behavior).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the EU-28, the proportion of overweight adults is rising and was estimated in 2014 to be approximately 51.6%, of whom 15.9% were obese.

“Secondly, in the EU-28, the proportion of adults (aged 18 years and over) who were considered to be overweight is steadily rising and was estimated in 2014 to be approximately 51.6%, whereof 15.9% were obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) [40].”

• cites [40] European Commission. European health interview survey (EHIS): overweight and obesity – BMI statistics. 2017.Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The population in many European countries is ageing; the EU-28 share of the elderly will increase from 19.2% at the start of 2016 to 29.1% by 2080.

“Firstly, the population in many European countries is ageing; predictions for the EU-28 indicate that the share of the elderly in the total population will increase from 19.2% at the start of 2016 to 29.1% by 2080, corresponding to more than 50 million people [39].”

• cites [39] Eurostat. People in the EU – population projections. 2018 [cited 2018 Jul 26]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=People_in_the_EU_-_population_projections.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Existing thermal comfort models do not fully capture observed individual differences, diversity, adaptive processes, and subpopulation differences.

“However, as outlined in the next section of this introduction, existing thermal comfort models do not (fully) capture the diversity observed.”

• Also stated in: § Modelling approaches · plain

  “Despite their variety and in parts complexity, neither of these approaches is able to capture the observed individual differences.”

• Also stated in: § Objectives · plain

  “However (2), up until now, existing models predicting thermal perception do not capture such adaptive processes and individual or subpopulation differences holistically.”

May combine two claims.

People accept much broader thermal conditions than anticipated by standards, and their perception of thermal conditions is much more dynamic.

“At the same time, research has shown that people accept much broader thermal conditions than anticipated by above standards [1,3,14,47], andtheir perception of thermal conditions is much more dynamic [48–51].”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [3] de Dear RJ, 1997Not checked yet

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• cites [47] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [49] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [51] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Around the comfort temperature determined at a particular day, for 80% occupancy acceptability, a comfort zone width of ±3.5 K or ±3.0 K is allowed.

“Around the comfort temperature determined at a particular day, for 80% occupancy acceptability, a comfort zone width of ±3.5 K [41], or ±3.0 K is allowed [43].”

• cites [41] ASHRAE. Standard 55-2013. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. Am. Soc. Heating, Refrig. Air-Conditioning Eng. Atlanta, USA. 2013;Not checked yet

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• cites [43] CEN 15251. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics; German version EN 15251:2012. 2012.Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Climate change predicts increased average and maximum temperatures in summer and a higher frequency and severity of heat waves.

“Climate change predicts increased average and maximum temperatures in summer and a higher frequency and severity of heat waves [29,30], but also higher precipitation rates, rising sea levels due to melting snow and ice, and warmer oceans.”

• cites [29] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [30] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Heat waves and cold spells are associated with thermal discomfort, decreased physical and cognitive performance, and increased mortality.

“It is broadly established that heat waves and cold spells are associated with thermal discomfort, decreased physical and cognitive performance [36], and increased mortality [37].”

• cites [36] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [37] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Thermally comfortable conditions are associated with minimal thermoregulatory effort for the body.

“While this does not make thermal comfort synonymous to health or productivity per se [38], the constructs are aligned in the way that thermally comfortable conditions are associated with minimal thermoregulatory effort for the body.”

• cites [38] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Climate change will increase the need for cooling in summer and decrease the heating demand in winter, with total energy use predicted to rise if no countermeasures are implemented.

“Predictions forecast that climate change will increase the need for cooling in summer and decrease the heating demand in winter, with total energy use predicted to rise if no countermeasures are implemented [32].”

• cites [32] Aebischer B, 2007, Proc EceeeNot checked yet

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The seven physical variables explain part of the variance in thermal perception, but a high variance remains even when all six variables are considered.

“While these seven variables are able to explain part of the variance seen e.g. in Figure 1 by Nicol et al. [1], which is based on operative temperature only, there remains a high variance even when all six variables are considered.”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fanger's 1973 review concluded that age did not have an influence on preferred ambient temperature.

“In theory, this might lead to a higher preferred temperature of the elderly, however, from his analysis he concluded that age did not have an influence on preferred ambient temperature.”

• cites [58] Fanger PO, 1973, Br J Ind MedNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The TNZ model is still a rather simple model compared to more complex thermoregulative models, so that implementation of adaptive mechanisms could be done straightforward.

“At the same time, the TNZ model is still a rather simple model compared to more complex thermoregulative models, so that the implementation of adaptive mechanisms could be done straightforward.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The TNZ model can be applied also in the context of thermal satisfaction or thermal comfort.

“Such results imply that the TNZ model can be applied also in the context of thermal satisfaction or thermal comfort.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The internal heat balance is dependent on heat production, body tissue insulation, body core, and skin temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The external heat balance is dependent on heat production, clothing insulation, air speed, skin wettedness, relative humidity, skin and operative temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Physiologically feasible solutions are defined where body core temperature is within a specific range (e.g. 36.5°C to 37.5°C), and body tissue insulation is constrained to what is within thermoregulatory bounds.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The physical condition of an individual's body is determined by demographic factors such as sex and age, and by physiological variables such as body composition, adaptation state, and level of fitness.

“This physical condition of an individual’s body is determined by demographic factors, which are a given, such as sex and age, and a number of physiological variables such as body composition, adaptation state, and level of fitness, which might change over time or according to the situation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Inter- or intrapersonal differences in physiological, psychological, and/or context related drivers can lead to a shift of the PPS-curve and/or a wider or narrower curve.

“Inter- or intrapersonal differences in physiological, psychological, and/or context related drivers can lead to (b) a shift of the PPS-curve to the left or right and/or (c) a wider/narrower curve.”

May combine two claims.

Age-related physiological changes are a consequence of changes of thermal effectors such as the abilities to sweat, shiver and control skin blood flow, and also changes in sensory function, which is likely to cause discrepancies in thermal perception.

“They are a consequence of changes of thermal effectors such as the abilities to sweat, shiver and control skin blood flow, and also changes in sensory function, which is also likely to cause discrepancies in thermal perception [56].”

• cites [56] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

These physiological changes include a lower body temperature in both older males and females as well as structural changes of the skin and metabolic alterations.

“These physiological changes include, for example, a lower body temperature in both older males and females as well as structural changes of the skin and metabolic alterations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Schweiker and Wagner modeled physiological adaptation by adjusting the metabolic rate related to the given activity based on Trm.

“b. physiological adaptation by adjusting the metabolic rate related to the given activity (MET0) based on Trm through (2)”

• cites [14] sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In contrast to PMV and SET, the TNZ model offers the potential to vary additional input parameters such as age, sex, and body tissue insulation.

“In contrast to PMV and SET, the TNZ model also offers the potential to vary additional input parameters such as age, sex, and body tissue insulation, relevant for the discussion of findings based on the literature review.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The internal heat balance is dependent on heat production, body tissue insulation, body core, and skin temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The external heat balance is dependent on heat production, clothing insulation, air speed, skin wettedness, relative humidity, skin and operative temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Physiologically feasible solutions are defined where body core temperature is within a specific range (e.g. 36.5°C to 37.5°C), and body tissue insulation is constrained to what is within thermoregulatory bounds.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The relative contribution of core and skin temperatures to thermal comfort is approximately 50%:50%.

“It has been proposed that the relative contribution of core and skin temperatures to thermal comfort is approximately 50%:50% [55].”

• cites [55] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Schweiker and Wagner modeled behavioral adaptation by adjusting the clothing insulation level based on the running mean outdoor temperature.

“a. behavioral adaptation by adjusting the clothing insulation level based on the running mean outdoor temperature (Trm) according to (1)”

• cites [14] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Van Hoof's later review established that differences in preferred ambient temperatures were evident in several studies, stating that older people preferred higher temperatures, which the author ascribed to lower activity levels and lower basal metabolic rate.

“In contrast, a later review by van Hoof [61] established that differences in preferred ambient temperatures were evident in several studies, stating that older people preferred higher temperatures, which the author ascribed to lower activity levels and lower basal metabolic rate.”

• cites [61] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The TNZ model offers similar opportunities to include individual processes for adaptive mechanisms as the PMV and SET model.

“The TNZ model offers similar opportunities to include individual processes for adaptive mechanisms as the PMV and SET model.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The internal heat balance is dependent on heat production, body tissue insulation, body core, and skin temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The external heat balance is dependent on heat production, clothing insulation, air speed, skin wettedness, relative humidity, skin and operative temperatures.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Physiologically feasible solutions are defined where body core temperature is within a specific range (e.g. 36.5°C to 37.5°C), and body tissue insulation is constrained to what is within thermoregulatory bounds.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Schweiker and Wagner modeled psychological adaptation by adjusting the metabolic rate either based on a fixed value related to a specific and fixed psychological effect or a variable value depending on indoor operative temperature.

“c. psychological adaptation by adjusting the metabolic rate either based on a fixed value related to a specific and fixed psychological effect such as the number of persons in a room or a variable value depending e.g. on indoor operative temperature.”

• cites [14] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The ATHB and TNZ approaches offer the potential to look at individual differences and adaptive processes in thermal sensation and thermal satisfaction.

“Therefore, these two approaches offer the potential to look at individual differences and adaptive processes in thermal sensation and thermal satisfaction.”

May combine two claims.

The thermal comfort zone lies within the physiological thermoneutral zone and shares the same center.

“With the introduction of the TNZ model it was also shown that the ”thermal comfort zone“ lies within the physiological thermoneutral zone, and that they share the same center [15].”

• cites [15] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

A smaller absolute mass in children means equal changes in metabolic rate should result in a larger change in body temperature in children compared to adults, which may explain a greater sensitivity to changes in metabolic rate.

“This can be explained with a smaller absolute mass in children, as equal changes in metabolic rate (W/m2) should therefore result in a larger change in body temperature in children compared to adults, and therefore may explain a greater sensitivity to changes in metabolic rate.”

May combine two claims.

Women have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, different body composition (higher fat mass and less muscle mass) and lower metabolic rate (less metabolically-active fat-free mass in women and thus up to 20% less heat production) compared with men.

“women have a higher surface-to-volume ratio (which allows for greater heat loss via the skin), different body composition (higher fat mass and less muscle mass) and lower metabolic rate (less [metabolically-active] fat-free mass in women and thus up to 20% less heat production [63–65]).”

• cites [63] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [64] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [65] sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Mishra and Ramgopal's review found that three studies indicate elderly feeling cooler or preferring a higher ambient temperature, while two papers state differences in neutral temperature but those results are not conclusive.

“Three studies indicate elderly feeling cooler or preferring a higher ambient temperature; two papers state differences in neutral temperature but results of those not conclusive.”

• cites [59] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

This lower heat production in women is partly compensated for by their lower body surface area, but not completely.

“This lower heat production in women is partly compensated for by their lower body surface area, but not completely [66].”

• cites [66] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Children seem to have a greater sensitivity to changes in their metabolism.

“Moreover, one of the factors mentioned is that children seem to have a greater sensitivity to changes in their metabolism.”

• cites [60] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In real-life situations the environmental conditions that humans are experiencing are often varying, sometimes mildly and gradually, but sometimes more extreme and abrupt.

“However, it is well known that in real-life situations the environmental conditions that humans are experiencing are often varying, sometimes mildly and gradually, such as increasing the heating set-point, but sometimes more extreme and abrupt, for example when entering an air-conditioned building during a hot summer day.”

May combine two claims.

Thermal sensation of subjects could be well predicted by the PMV model in an experiment with active cooling through convection by mixing ventilation (uniform conditions), but not for the case in which active cooling through radiation by the floor was combined with displacement ventilation.

“Thermal sensation of subjects could be well predicted by the PMV model in an experiment with active cooling through convection by mixing ventilation (uniform conditions), but not for the case in which active cooling through radiation by the floor was combined with displacement ventilation.”

• cites [106] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A small steady rate of temperature change (0.5 K/h) is in general not significantly noticeable, but its effect increases after some time and significantly affects sensation after 3-4 hours (depending on clothing).

“A small steady rate of change (0.5 K/h) is in general not significantly noticeable [108–111], but its effect increases after some time and significantly affects sensation after 3 – 4 hours (depending on clothing) [113].”

• cites [108] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [109] Berglund L, 1978, Ashrae JNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [110] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [111] Rohles JRF, 1985, ASHRAE TransNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [113] Kolarik J, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The heat balance approach, such as incorporated in the PMV model, relies on steady state and deterministic effects.

“The heat balance approach, such as incorporated in the PMV model, relies on steady state and deterministic effects.”

May combine two claims.

For visitors who had been inside a museum conditioned at approximately 21°C for 20 min or less, the thermal sensation vote had a significant relation with the outdoor temperature but not the indoor temperature.

“For visitors who had been inside for 20 min or less, the thermal sensation vote had a significant relation with the outdoor temperature but not the indoor temperature.”

• cites [116] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Halawa et al. [105] review found that sample sizes in studies on the thermal radiation field are small, studies are predominantly confined to climate chamber experiments, and results are not consistent.

“Their literature review reveals that sample sizes are small, studies are predominantly confined to climate chamber experiments, and results are not consistent.”

• cites [105] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Hensen [112] concluded from several studies that if the amplitude of the cyclical variation is larger than 1 K, the acceptable temperature range decreases with increasing variation frequency, and the largest acceptable temperature range is under steady state conditions.

“Hensen [112] concluded from several studies that if the amplitude of the cyclical variation is larger than 1 K, the acceptable temperature range decreases with increasing variation frequency, i.e. larger rate of changes, and the largest acceptable temperature range is under steady state conditions.”

• cites [112] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A temperature drift of 2 K/h resulted in slightly decreased thermal comfort compared to constant temperatures, but drifting conditions were still perceived as acceptable.

“They showed that a temperature drift of 2 K/h resulted in slightly decreased thermal comfort compared to constant temperatures, but drifting conditions were still perceived as acceptable.”

• cites [114] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The radiant field is mostly perceived in the combined form of radiant asymmetry and mean radiant temperature (MRT), which is a result of the asymmetry.

“Moreover, the radiant field is mostly perceived in the combined form of radiant asymmetry and mean radiant temperature (MRT), which is a result of the asymmetry.”

• cites [105] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

After entering the museum, most people felt warm due to the warm outdoor conditions and perceived the cool indoor conditions as comfortable, but as visitors were longer in the museum, they gradually started feeling cooler and more uncomfortable.

“After entering the museum, most people felt warm due to the warm outdoor conditions and perceived the cool indoor conditions as comfortable, but as visitors were longer in the museum, they gradually started feeling cooler and more uncomfortable.”

• cites [116] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Personal conditioning typically targets local discomfort, and hence, results in non-uniform environments: the hands and arms are critical body parts in cool environments, whereas the head and neck are critical body parts in warm environments.

“Personal conditioning typically targets local discomfort, and hence, results in non-uniform environments [122]: the hands and arms are critical body parts in cool environments, whereas the head and neck are critical body parts in warm environments.”

• cites [122] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Evidence regarding clothing level differences between males and females differs; Schiavon & Lee report similar clothing insulation levels, while de Vecchi et al. state that males' clothing insulation level is less variable than that of females.

“Evidence regarding clothing level differences between males and females differs; while Schiavon & Lee [130] report similar clothing insulation levels, de Vecchi et al. [131] state that males’ clothing insulation level is less variable than that of females.”

• cites [130] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [131] De VR, 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible to evoke alliesthesia within the TNZ, which is most representative for the physiological state of building occupants in most indoor environments.

“Parkinson et al. [118] concluded that it is even possible to evoke alliesthesia within the TNZ, which is most representative for the physiological state of building occupants in most indoor environments.”

• cites [118] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Building control can significantly influence the course of indoor environmental parameters, and hence, occupants' thermal comfort.

“Besides the psychological effect on thermal perception as discussed in the previous section on personal control, building control can significantly influence the course of indoor environmental parameters, and hence, occupants’ thermal comfort.”

May combine two claims.

The approach by Schweiker et al. adjusts the metabolic rate as input to either PMV and/or SET calculation to model effects of physiological adaptation, and as a result, the output of the PMV model aligns with the results of the adaptive comfort model.

“A first intent can be seen in the approach by Schweiker et al., which adjusts the metabolic rate as input to either PMV [13,14] and/or SET [13] calculation to model effects of physiological adaptation as described in section ”Methodology”, Equation (2). As a result, the output of the PMV model aligns with the results of the adaptive comfort model [13,14].”

• cites [13] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [14] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Comfort can be maintained by chair heating at air temperatures down to 15°C and by radiant floor heating at air temperatures down to 18°C.

“Comfort can be maintained by chair heating at air temperatures down to 15°C [126] and by radiant floor heating at air temperatures down to 18°C [127].”

• cites [126] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [127] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Relevant publications might have been missed in this review.

“Firstly, as the present review is not of a fully systematic nature, relevant publications might have been missed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The comparison of review results with implications for modelling is based solely on the combination of TNZ and ATHB approach.

“Secondly, the comparison of review results with implications for modelling is based solely on the combination of TNZ and ATHB approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These differences are difficult to pick up, if a survey is conducted without collecting all relevant variables and at stable thermal conditions.

“These differences are, however, difficult to pick up, if a survey is conducted without collecting all relevant variables and at stable thermal conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not known how scaling the predicted resting metabolic rate (0.8 MET) to the ASHRAE MET equivalent influences the error of metabolic rate production.

“The required physiological input parameter “metabolic rate” was estimated by scaling the predicted resting metabolic rate (measured in reclined position: 0.8 MET) to the ASHRAE MET equivalent corresponding to resting/seated activity. It is not known how the scaling influences the error of the metabolic rate production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is likely that physiological adaptation differs even more, for example, between groups with different age and/or body composition.

“It is likely that physiological adaptation differs even more, for example, between groups with different age and/or body composition.”

May combine two claims.

This approach requires a clear understanding of all physical and physiological influences on thermal perception, which - according to this review - does not exist yet.

“However, this approach requires a clear understanding of all physical and physiological influences on thermal perception, which – according to this review – does not exist yet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The present review is not of a fully systematic nature.

“Firstly, as the present review is not of a fully systematic nature, relevant publications might have been missed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The effect of context-related differences on thermal perception, such as radiant asymmetries or step changes, requires more complex modelling approaches than heat balance models.

“The effect of context-related differences on thermal perception, such as radiant asymmetries or step changes, requires more complex modelling approaches than heat balance models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Being able to model the effect of important individual drivers on thermal perception and related knowledge regarding the boundaries of thermal comfort can serve as a basis to look at variables affecting diversity in the adaptive capacity.

“Being able to model the effect of important individual drivers on thermal perception and related knowledge regarding the boundaries of thermal comfort can serve as a basis to look at variables affecting diversity in the adaptive capacity.”

May combine two claims.

Evaluation of demographic and physiological differences showed that differences between age- and sex-groups, as well as the ambiguity of results related to these drivers, may be explained by differences in resting metabolic rate and body composition.

“Evaluation of demographic and physiological differences showed that differences between age- and sex-groups, as well as the ambiguity of results related to these drivers, may be explained by differences in resting metabolic rate and body composition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These adaptive processes are highly speculative and more complex mechanisms are most likely in place.

“However, these adaptive processes are highly speculative and more complex mechanisms are most likely in place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the context of global warming, this leads to a further rise in the cooling demand of buildings, in order to achieve thermal comfort of building occupants, given the fact that obesity prevalence is expected to increase even more in future.

“In the context of global warming, this leads to a further rise in the cooling demand of buildings, in order to achieve thermal comfort of building occupants, given the fact that obesity prevalence is expected to increase even more in future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Knowing the true drivers of diversity will be helpful in preparation for global challenges.

“Knowing the true drivers of diversity will be helpful in preparation for global challenges because the indoor thermal conditions chosen by an individual do not only affect the energy use – in itself a driver of climate change – but also affect health, wellbeing, and productivity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indoor thermal conditions chosen by an individual affect energy use.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Energy use is a driver of climate change.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indoor thermal conditions chosen by an individual affect health, wellbeing, and productivity.

May combine two claims.

There are likely to be temperatures (temperature ranges) at which men are still comfortable, but women are not, and the other way around.

“Hence, there are likely to be temperatures (temperature ranges) at which men are still comfortable, but women are not, and the other way around.”