The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?
Abstract
This book is about the importance of animal size. We tend to think of animal function in chemical terms and talk of water, salts, proteins, enzymes, oxygen, energy, and so on. We should not forget, however, that physical laws are equally important, for they determine rates of diffusion and heat transfer, transfer of force and momentum, the strength of structures, the dynamics of locomotion, and other aspects of the functioning of animal bodies. Physical laws provide possibilities and opportunities for an organism, yet they also impose constraints, setting limits to what is physically possible. This book aims to give an understanding of these rules because of their profound implications when we deal with animals of widely different size and scale. The reader will find that the book raises many questions. Remarkable and puzzling information makes it read a little like a detective story, but the last chapter, instead of giving the final solution, neither answers all questions nor provides one great unifying principle.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“women have a higher surface-to-volume ratio (which allows for greater heat loss via the skin), different body composition (higher fat mass and less muscle mass) and lower metabolic rate (less [metabolically-active] fat-free mass in women and thus up to 20% less heat production [63–65]).”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,005
How Animals Move: Comparative Lessons on Animal Locomotion
Schaeffer, P. J., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110059 · Cited by 46
Evolutionary versatility of the avian neck
Marek, R. D., Falkingham, P. L., Benson, R., Gardiner, J., Maddox, T. W., & Bates, K. T. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.3150 · Cited by 45
PLANT SIZE AND FORM IN THE UNDERSTORY PALM GENUS GEONOMA: ARE SPECIES VARIATIONS ON A THEME?
Chazdon, R. L. (1991) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb12592.x · Cited by 42
Jumping dynamics of aquatic animals
Chang, B., Myeong, J., Virot, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0014 · Cited by 42
The Effects of Body Mass on Immune Cell Concentrations of Mammals
Downs, C. J., Dochtermann, N. A., Ball, R. L., et al. (2019) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/706235 · Cited by 42
A Comparative Approach to Reconstructing the Socioecology of Extinct Primates
Nunn, C. L., & van Schaik, C. P. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1343-8_5 · Cited by 47
Allometric scaling and maximum efficiency in physiological eigen time
Andresen, B., Shiner, J. S., & Uehlinger, D. E. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.082633699 · Cited by 42
Butaric, L. N., & Maddux, S. D. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22986 · Cited by 42
Metabolic Potential of Deep-Sea Animals: Regional and Global Scales
Childress, J. J., & Thuesen, E. V. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2452-2_13 · Cited by 42
Photoperiodic effects on body mass, energy balance and hypothalamic gene expression in the bank vole
Peacock, W. L., Król, E., Moar, K. M., McLaren, J. S., Mercer, J. G., & Speakman, J. R. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.00719 · Cited by 42
Convergent evolution, superefficient teams and tempo in Old and New World army ants
Franks, N. R., Sendova-Franks, A. B., Simmons, J. A. T., et al. (1999) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0834 · Cited by 42
Boyle, K., Dillaman, R. M., & Kinsey, S. T. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Comparative Experimental Biology · doi:10.1002/jez.a.10227 · Cited by 42
Self-similarity and scaling in forest communities
Simini, F., Anfodillo, T., Carrer, M., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000137107 · Cited by 41
Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation
Wang, X., Wiens, M., Schröder, H. C., Hu, S., Mugnaioli, E., Kolb, U., Tremel, W., Pisignano, D., & Müller, W. E. G. (2010) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.200980042 · Cited by 41
Forelimb segment length proportions in extant hominoids and Australopithecus afarensis
Drapeau, M. S. M., & Ward, C. V. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20533 · Cited by 41
Camacho, C., Cañal, D., & Potti, J. (2015) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-015-9793-4 · Cited by 41
Australian songbird body size tracks climate variation: 82 species over 50 years
Gardner, J. L., Amano, T., Peters, A., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2258 · Cited by 41
Biogeomorphology, quo vadis? On processes, time, and space in biogeomorphology
Larsen, A., Nardin, W., van de Lageweg, W. I., et al. (2020) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.5016 · Cited by 41
Relationship between biomass turnover and body size for stream communities
Huryn, A. D., & Benke, A. C. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511611223.005 · Cited by 41
Variability and size in mammals and birds
Hallgrímsson, B., & Maiorana, V. C. (2000) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb00218.x · Cited by 42
Implications of an avian-style respiratory system for gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs.
Perry, S., Christian, A., Breuer, T., Pajor, N., & Codd, J. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.517 · Cited by 40
Allometric growth, life‐history invariants and population energetics
Economo, E. P., Kerkhoff, A. J., & Enquist, B. J. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00737.x · Cited by 41
Munn, A. J., & Dawson, T. J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02137 · Cited by 41
EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATION THROUGH ALLOMETRIC SHIFTS IN A MARINE SNAIL
Hollander, J., Adams, D. C., & Johannesson, K. (2006) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01884.x · Cited by 52
Adaptation and Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record
Ross, C. F., Lockwood, C. A., Fleagle, J. G., & Jungers, W. L. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1343-8_1 · Cited by 46
Ongoing electrical activity of superior cervical ganglion cells in mammals of different size
Ivanov, A. Y., & Purves, D. (1989) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902840307 · Cited by 41
Sundström, L. F., & Gruber, S. H. (1998) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1023/a:1017031406947 · Cited by 41
Fourier series and integral transforms
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-5136 · Cited by 41
Samant, T. S., Mangal, N., Lukáčová, V., & Schmidt, S. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.555 · Cited by 40
Macroevolution of life‐history traits in passerine birds: adaptation and phylogenetic inertia
Pienaar, J., Ilany, A., Geffen, E., et al. (2013) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12077 · Cited by 40
Rethinking the Effects of Body Size on the Study of Brain Size Evolution
Font, E., García‐Roa, R., Pincheira‐Donoso, D., & Carazo, P. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000501161 · Cited by 41
Eggshell geochemistry reveals ancestral metabolic thermoregulation in Dinosauria
Dawson, R. R., Field, D. J., Hull, P. M., Zelenitsky, D. K., Therrien, F., & Affek, H. P. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax9361 · Cited by 42
Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals
Engelman, R. K. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01224-9 · Cited by 40
Mandelbrot’s Fractals and the Geometry of Life: A Tribute to Benoît Mandelbrot on his 80th Birthday
Weibel, E. R. (2006) · Birkhäuser-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-7643-7412-8_1 · Cited by 40
Some effects of eutrophication on pelagic and demersal marine food webs
Turner, R. E. (2001) · Coastal and estuarine studies · doi:10.1029/ce058p0371 · Cited by 41
Size‐dependent energy storage and winter mortality of perch
Heermann, L., Eriksson, L. ‐., Magnhagen, C., et al. (2009) · Ecology Of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00371.x · Cited by 40
Body size in Drosophila: genetic architecture, allometries and sexual dimorphism
Carreira, V. P., Mensch, J., & Fanara, J. J. (2008) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2008.117 · Cited by 40
Controls on marine animal biomass through geological time
Payne, J. L., & Finnegan, S. (2006) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00060.x · Cited by 39
Ontogenetic phase shifts in metabolism: links to development and anti-predator adaptation
Yagi, M., Kanda, T., Takeda, T., Ishimatsu, A., & Oikawa, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0583 · Cited by 41
New data on the dimensions ofBrachiosaurus brancai and their physiological implications
Gunga, H., Kirsch, K., Baartz, F.-J., et al. (1995) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01143194 · Cited by 40
Body size-independent safety margins for gas exchange across grasshopper species
Greenlee, K. J., Nebeker, C., & Harrison, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.001982 · Cited by 39
Water relationships in the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis during larval diapause
Yoder, J. A., Rivers, D., & Denlinger, D. L. (1994) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1994.tb01066.x · Cited by 39
Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Shape and Size Within African Antelope Proximal Phalanges
Louys, J., Montanari, S., Plummer, T. W., Hertel, F., & Bishop, L. C. (2012) · Journal of Mammalian Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9211-4 · Cited by 39
Herrel, A., Huyghe, K., Oković, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.645 · Cited by 39
Nutrition for working and service dogs.
Wakshlag, J., & Shmalberg, J. (2014) · The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.008 · Cited by 36
Etienne, C., Filippo, A., Cornette, R., & Houssaye, A. (2020) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.13359 · Cited by 36
Body Size and Shape: Climatic and Nutritional Influences on Human Body Morphology
Leonard, W. R., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781193.014 · Cited by 41
Marsden, I. D., Shumway, S. E., & Padilla, D. K. (2011) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315411001512 · Cited by 40
On the scaling of mammalian long bones
Garcia, G. J. M., & da Silva, J. K. L. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.00890 · Cited by 39
The trade-off of reproduction and survival in slow-breeding seabirds
Dobson, F. S., & Jouventin, P. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-054 · Cited by 40
On heterochrony in heterodonty: A review of some problems in tooth morphogenesis and evolution
Keene, H. J. (1991) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330340612 · Cited by 39
Does limb length predict the relative energetic cost of locomotion in mammals?
Steudel, K. L., & Beattie, J. (1995) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01765.x · Cited by 39
MODELING BIOMAGNIFICATION AND METABOLISM OF CONTAMINANTS IN HARP SEALS OF THE BARENTS SEA
Fraser, A. J., Burkow, I. C., Wolkers, H., & Mackay, D. (2002) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620210108 · Cited by 39
Predicting euarchontan body mass: A comparison of tarsal and dental variables
Yapuncich, G., Gladman, J. T., & Boyer, D. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22735 · Cited by 38
Ecophysiological Influence on Scaling of Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism of Pelagic Gonatid Squids
Rosa, R., Trueblood, L. A., & Seibel, B. A. (2009) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/591950 · Cited by 38
Mitochondrial function in sparrow pectoralis muscle
Kuzmiak, S., Glancy, B. C., Sweazea, K. L., & Willis, W. T. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.065094 · Cited by 42
Carbone, C., Turvey, S. T., & Bielby, J. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2497 · Cited by 38
Borges, L. R., Maestri, R., Kubiak, B. B., Galiano, D., Fornel, R., & de Freitas, T. R. O. (2016) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12398 · Cited by 38
Sugar Metabolism in Hummingbirds and Nectar Bats
Suarez, R. K., & Welch, K. C. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070743 · Cited by 32
Allometry of mitochondrial efficiency is set by metabolic intensity
Boël, M., Romestaing, C., Voituron, Y., & Roussel, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1693 · Cited by 41
Spatiotemporal organization of myoclonic twitching in sleeping human infants
Sokoloff, G., Hickerson, M. M., Wen, R. Y., Tobias, M. E., McMurray, B., & BLUMBERG, M. S. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21954 · Cited by 38
Schaeffer, P. J., O’Mara, M. T., Breiholz, J., et al. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.191989 · Cited by 38
Lunge filter feeding biomechanics constrain rorqual foraging ecology across scale
Kahane‐Rapport, S. R., Savoca, M. S., Cade, D. E., Segre, P. S., Bierlich, K. C., Calambokidis, J., Dale, J., Fahlbusch, J. A., Friedlaender, A. S., Johnston, D. W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.224196 · Cited by 40
The Pace of Life: Metabolic Energy, Biological Time, and Life History
Brown, J. H., Burger, J. R., Hou, C., & Hall, C. A. S. (2022) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icac058 · Cited by 45
Rowe, M. F., Bakken, G. S., Ratliff, J. J., & Langman, V. A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.076521 · Cited by 38
Comparison of the cost of short flights in a nectarivorous and a non-nectarivorous bird
Hambly, C., Pinshow, B., Wiersma, P., Verhulst, S., Piertney, S. B., Harper, E. J., & Speakman, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01233 · Cited by 38
Holloway, J. C., & Geiser, F. (2001) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/319666 · Cited by 38
Water‐Balance Characteristics Respond to Changes in Body Size in Subantarctic Weevils
Chown, S. L., & Klok, C. J. (2003) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/376919 · Cited by 38
Size‐independent growth in fishes: patterns, models and metrics
Sigourney, D. B., Letcher, B. H., Obedzinski, M., & Cunjak, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01830.x · Cited by 38
Striedter, G. F., Belgard, T. G., Chen, C., Davis, F. P., Finlay, B. L., Güntürkün, O., Hale, M. E., Harris, J. A., Hecht, E. E., Hof, P. R., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23568 · Cited by 38
Effects of courtship and relative mate size on sexual motivation in Atlantic salmon
de Gaudemar, B., Bonzom, J., & Beall, E. P. (2000) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02188.x · Cited by 39
The energetics of feeding strikes in larval carp, Cyprinus carpio
Drost, M. R., & van den Boogaart, J. G. M. (1986) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04953.x · Cited by 38
Bierlich, K. C., Hewitt, J., Bird, C. N., Schick, R. S., Friedlaender, A. S., Torres, L. G., Dale, J., Goldbogen, J. A., Read, A. J., Calambokidis, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.749943 · Cited by 39
Interactive effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on metabolic rate
Glazier, D. S., & Gjoni, V. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0489 · Cited by 38
Wing bone laminarity is not an adaptation for torsional resistance in bats
Lee, A. H., & Simons, E. L. R. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.823 · Cited by 37
Eme, J., Gwalthney, J. C., Owerkowicz, T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.042051 · Cited by 37
Some sauropods raised their necks—evidence for high browsing in Euhelopus zdanskyi
Christian, A. (2010) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0359 · Cited by 37
Size structuring and allometric scaling relationships in coral reef fishes
Dunic, J. C., & Baum, J. K. (2017) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12637 · Cited by 37
Macroecological patterns of mammals across taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scales
Lyons, S. K., Smith, F. A., & Ernest, S. K. M. (2018) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy171 · Cited by 38
Population densities predict forebrain size variation in the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus
Triki, Z., Levorato, E., McNeely, W., Marshall, N. J., & Bshary, R. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2108 · Cited by 35
Bejan, A., & Tsatsaronis, G. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14020408 · Cited by 37
Were P leistocene hippopotamuses exposed to climate‐driven body size changes?
Mazza, P., & Bertini, A. (2012) · Boreas · doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00285.x · Cited by 37
OIKAWA, S., & Itazawa, Y. (2003) · Fisheries Science · doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00675.x · Cited by 37
Forager size and ecology of Acromyrmex coronatus and other leaf-cutting ants in Costa Rica
Wetterer, J. K. (1995) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00341337 · Cited by 37
Yu, Y., Karbowski, J., Sachdev, R. N. S., & Feng, J. (2014) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0178-z · Cited by 37
Photosynthetic Capacity Increases with Plant Size
Zotz, G. (1997) · Botanica Acta · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00644.x · Cited by 37
Wilkinson, T. L., & Douglas, A. E. (1998) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00030-4 · Cited by 37
Nyack, A. C., Locke, B. R., Valencia-Arías, A., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00467.2006 · Cited by 37
Environmental correlates of body size distributions of European springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola)
Ulrich, W., & Fiera, C. (2010) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00565.x · Cited by 37
The evolution of capture myopathy in hooved mammals: a model for human stress cardiomyopathy?
Blumstein, D. T., Buckner, J. C., Shah, S., Patel, S., Alfaro, M. E., & Natterson-Horowitz, B. (2015) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eov015 · Cited by 36
Huhov, J., Henry‐Ward, W., Phillips, L., et al. (1988) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001820409 · Cited by 37
Complexity and Emergent Phenomena
Suki, B., Bates, J. H. T., & Frey, U. (2011) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c100022 · Cited by 44
Ecological Consequences of Body Size
Calder, W. A. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1038/npg.els.0003208 · Cited by 38
Sauropod Necks: Are They Really for Heat Loss?
Henderson, D. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077108 · Cited by 36
Orr, A. J., VanBlaricom, G. R., DeLong, R. L., et al. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-101 · Cited by 36
Postsacral Vertebral Morphology in Relation to Tail Length Among Primates and Other Mammals
Russo, G. A. (2014) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23004 · Cited by 37
Misconceptions and Issues Regarding Allometric Scaling during the Drug Development Process
Mahmood, I. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2018.1499725 · Cited by 35
Skeletal muscle fuel selection occurs at the mitochondrial level
Kuzmiak-Glancy, S., & Willis, W. T. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.098863 · Cited by 33
Body composition and the evolution of the Macropodidae (Potorous, Dendrolagus and Macropus).
Grand, T. (1990) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00187530 · Cited by 32
Chiou, W. L., & Hsu, F.-H. (1988) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1015935206569 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt-Nielsen, K.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1984-07-27
- OpenAlex
- W4239578492
- Cited by
- 2,677
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 30.96
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
- Keywords
- animal size, allometry, diffusion, heat transfer, structural strength, locomotion, scaling laws, animal physiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review