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Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
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“Lakatos (1970) has distinguished between two types of propositions within a theory: hard core propositions and protective belt propositions.Hard core propositions cannot be altered without scrapping the entire theory, but protective belt propositions can be altered while preserving the key, central hypotheses.”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Lakatos, 1970
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Cited by
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Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination
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“Irme Lakatos ( 1970) labels scientists’ central commitments as their “theoretical hard core” and suggests that these commitments generate “research programs” designed to apply them to and defend them from experience.”
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Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275112457914 · Cited by 4,349
“This already complex way of thinking about research (see also Lakatos 1970) is further problematized by the fact that explanans and explanandum are not only honed and refined but sometimes thrown out to give way to a different casing, and often more than one casing is in mind at a given time.”
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Lederman, N. G. (1992) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660290404 · Cited by 2,241
Metadata
- Authors
- Lakatos, I.
- Venue
- Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1970-09-02
- Pages
- 91-196
- OpenAlex
- W256019955
- Cited by
- 4,649
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 195 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.37
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Logic and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- falsification, scientific research programs, methodology of science, Karl Popper, philosophy of science
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