Cited by 1,195Cognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and What They Tell Us About Controlled Attention, General Fluid Intelligence, and Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

Engle, Randall W., Kane, Michael J., Tuholski, Stephen W.·1999·Models of Working Memory

DOI 10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007

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Abstract

FIVE CENTRAL FEATURES OF THE THEORY Working memory is a system consisting of those long-term memory traces active above threshold, the procedures and skills necessary to achieve and maintain that activation, and limited-capacity, controlled attention. The specific features of our model include: (1) Domain-free, limited-capacity controlled attention. (2) Domain-specific codes and maintenance (phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are two examples but the potential number of such codes is large). (3) Individual differences in both 1 and 2, but individual differences in capacity for controlled processing are general and possibly the mechanism for general fluid intelligence. Although people can, with practice and expertise, circumvent the abiding limitations of controlled attention in quite specific situations, the limitations reemerge in novel situations and even in the domain of expertise if the situation calls for controlled processing. (4) Limited-capacity, controlled processing is required for maintaining temporary goals in the face of distraction and interference and for blocking, gating, and/or suppressing distracting events. (5) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated structures mediate the controlled processing functions of working memory. We also argue that individual differences in controlled processing represent differences in functioning of the PFC. A number of intellectual influences have served to shape our thinking about working memory (WM) and its evolution as a construct separate from that of short-term memory (STM).

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Authors: Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W.
Affiliations: Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (US)
ORCID: Engle, Randall W.
Kane, Michael J.
Venue: Models of Working Memory
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 1999-04-13
Pages: 102-134
DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007
OpenAlex: W1559852210
Cited by: 1,195
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 105.07
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 4802 d)
Locations: Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: working memory, individual differences, attentional control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, short-term memory, goal maintenance

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Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and What They Tell Us About Controlled Attention, General Fluid Intelligence, and Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex

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