The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and What They Tell Us About Controlled Attention, General Fluid Intelligence, and Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex
Abstract
FIVE CENTRAL FEATURES OF THE THEORY Working memory is a system consisting of those long-term memory traces active above threshold, the procedures and skills necessary to achieve and maintain that activation, and limited-capacity, controlled attention. The specific features of our model include: (1) Domain-free, limited-capacity controlled attention. (2) Domain-specific codes and maintenance (phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are two examples but the potential number of such codes is large). (3) Individual differences in both 1 and 2, but individual differences in capacity for controlled processing are general and possibly the mechanism for general fluid intelligence. Although people can, with practice and expertise, circumvent the abiding limitations of controlled attention in quite specific situations, the limitations reemerge in novel situations and even in the domain of expertise if the situation calls for controlled processing. (4) Limited-capacity, controlled processing is required for maintaining temporary goals in the face of distraction and interference and for blocking, gating, and/or suppressing distracting events. (5) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated structures mediate the controlled processing functions of working memory. We also argue that individual differences in controlled processing represent differences in functioning of the PFC. A number of intellectual influences have served to shape our thinking about working memory (WM) and its evolution as a construct separate from that of short-term memory (STM).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“we have argued that WM = STM + controlled attention, and that the general, controlled-attention component of the WM system primarily drives the predictive utility of WM span tasks”
From Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. (2003) · cites this paper as Engle, Kane et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“Prior research has established the OSPAN task to be a reliable and valid marker of WM capacity.”
From Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. (2003) · cites this paper as Engle, Tuholski et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“the correlations among OSPAN and other WM measures, such as Reading Span (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980), approach the reliability estimates of OSPAN, itself, ranging between r = .40and r = .80”
From Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. (2003) · cites this paper as Engle, Tuholski et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“the mechanism responsible for the broad predictive power of WM span tasks is a domain-general, executive-attention mechanism that allows for the maintenance of stimulus representations, action plans, and goals in the face of interference”
From Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. (2003) · cites this paper as Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 999
Early Foundations for Mathematics Learning and Their Relations to Learning Disabilities
Geary, D. C. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412469398 · Cited by 309
Working memory and inhibition across the adult life-span
Borella, E., Carretti, B., & Béni, R. D. (2007) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.09.008 · Cited by 328
Double Dissociations in Visual and Spatial Short-Term Memory.
Klauer, K. C., & Zhao, Z. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.355 · Cited by 312
Benhabib, J., & Bisin, A. (2004) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2004.10.004 · Cited by 279
Benefits of indoor plants on attention capacity in an office setting
Raanaas, R. K., Evensen, K. H., Rich, D., Sjøstrøm, G., & Patil, G. G. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.11.005 · Cited by 284
Cognitive inhibition in depression
Joormann, J., Yoon, K. L., & Zetsche, U. (2007) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2007.09.002 · Cited by 283
Direct and indirect influences of executive functions on mathematics achievement
Cragg, L., Keeble, S., Richardson, S., Roome, H. E., & Gilmore, C. K. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.014 · Cited by 290
Martinussen, R., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390500205700 · Cited by 270
Sinzig, J., Morsch, D., Bruning, N., Schmidt, M. H., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-4 · Cited by 264
The components of working memory updating: An experimental decomposition and individual differences.
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., & Chee, A. E. H. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0017891 · Cited by 285
Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory — a single-subject analysis
Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041 · Cited by 259
Berti, S., & Schröger, E. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02527.x · Cited by 262
Working memory training and transfer in older adults.
Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., & Olson, I. R. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0023631 · Cited by 277
Short-term memory and long-term memory are still different.
Norris, D. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000108 · Cited by 292
Gathercole, S. E., & Alloway, T. P. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01446.x · Cited by 250
Two maintenance mechanisms of verbal information in working memory
Camos, V., Lagner, P., & Barrouillet, P. (2009) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.06.002 · Cited by 247
CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY IN INTERACTION-DRIVEN L2 LEARNING
Goo, J. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000149 · Cited by 257
Memory Maintenance and Inhibitory Control Differentiate from Early Childhood to Adolescence
Shing, Y. L., Lindenberger, U., Diamond, A., Li, S.-C., & Davidson, M. C. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.508546 · Cited by 239
Clear evidence for item limits in visual working memory
Adam, K. C. S., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2017) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.07.001 · Cited by 240
The emergence and basis of endogenous attention in infancy and early childhood
Colombo, J., & Cheatham, C. L. (2006) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(06)80010-8 · Cited by 238
Neural correlates of training-related working-memory gains in old age
Brehmer, Y., Rieckmann, A., Bellander, M., Westerberg, H., Fischer, H., & Bäckman, L. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.079 · Cited by 218
Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040409609806 · Cited by 225
Failure of Working Memory Training to Enhance Cognition or Intelligence
Thompson, T. W., Waskom, M. L., Garel, K.-L. A., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Reynolds, G. O., Winter, R., Chang, P., Pollard, K., Lala, N., Alvarez, G. A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063614 · Cited by 208
Thought suppression, intelligence, and working memory capacity
Brewin, C. R., & Beaton, A. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00127-9 · Cited by 219
Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Siegmund, J., Kästner, C., Apel, S., Parnin, C., Bethmann, A., Leich, T., Saake, G., & Brechmann, A. (2014) · Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/2568225.2568252 · Cited by 219
Working memory and fluid intelligence in young children
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J., Conway, A. R. A., & Gathercole, S. E. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.07.003 · Cited by 212
Working memory span development: A time-based resource-sharing model account.
Barrouillet, P., Gavens, N., Vergauwe, E., Gaillard, V., & Camos, V. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014615 · Cited by 242
Hedden, T., & Yoon, C. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.511 · Cited by 212
Stevens, A. A., Tappon, S. C., Garg, A., & Fair, D. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030468 · Cited by 212
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Hashizume, H., Sassa, Y., Nagase, T., Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.052 · Cited by 247
Working memory and children’s use of retrieval to solve addition problems
Barrouillet, P., & Lépine, R. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 228
Spatial and Visual Working Memory: A Mental Workspace
Logie, R. H. (2003) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)01002-8 · Cited by 206
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Cochlear Implants in Deaf Children
Pisoni, D. B., Conway, C. M., Kronenberger, W. G., Horn, D. L., Karpicke, J., & Henning, S. C. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368673.003.0003 · Cited by 203
Swanson, H. L., & Howell, M. J. (2001) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.720 · Cited by 201
Olivers, C. N. L. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0013896 · Cited by 205
Geary, D. C., Nicholas, A., Li, Y., & Sun, J. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000159 · Cited by 215
Camina, E., & Güell, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00438 · Cited by 222
Griffin, T. D., Wiley, J., & Thiede, K. W. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.1.93 · Cited by 194
Proactive interference and item similarity in working memory.
Bunting, M. F. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.183 · Cited by 187
van der Molen, M. J., Luit, J. E. H. V., van der Molen, M. J., Klugkist, I., & Jongmans, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01285.x · Cited by 206
Berti, S., Roeber, U., & Schröger, E. (2004) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.51.4.249 · Cited by 181
Pollatsek, A., Rebecca Treiman, A., Yap, M. J.-M., & Balota, D. A. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.4 · Cited by 184
Complex span tasks, simple span tasks, and cognitive abilities: A reanalysis of key studies
Colom, R., Rebollo, I., Abad, F. J., & Shih, P. C. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193395 · Cited by 181
Kane, M. J., Poole, B. J., Tuholski, S. W., & Engle, R. W. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.4.749 · Cited by 197
Self-citationSpaulding, T. J., Plante, E., & Vance, R. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/002 · Cited by 180
Life Span Theory in Developmental Psychology
Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., & Staudinger, U. M. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0111 · Cited by 1,240
Drunk, Powerful, and in the Dark
Hirsh, J. B., Galinsky, A. D., & Zhong, C. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611416992 · Cited by 186
Distinctive working memory profiles in children with special educational needs
Pickering, S. J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2004) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341042000211715 · Cited by 177
Inability to suppress salient distractors predicts low visual working memory capacity
Gaspar, J. M., Christie, G. J., Prime, D. J., Jolicœur, P., & McDonald, J. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523471113 · Cited by 177
Genetics of Cognition: Outline of a Collaborative Twin Study
Wright, M. J., de Geus, E. J. C., Ando, J., Luciano, M., Posthuma, D., Ono, Y., Hansell, N. K., van Baal, C. G. C. M., Hiraishi, K., Hasegawa, T., et al. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.4.1.48 · Cited by 172
Dunlosky, J., & Kane, M. J. (2007) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210600926075 · Cited by 164
Self-citationPerspective Effects on Online Text Processing
Kaakinen, J. K., Hyönä, J., & Keenan, J. M. (2002) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3302_03 · Cited by 167
Working memory abilities and children's performance in laboratory analogues of classroom activities
Gathercole, S. E., Durling, E., Evans, M. K., Jeffcock, S., & Stone, S. (2007) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1407 · Cited by 166
Working memory and Stroop interference: An individual differences investigation
Long, D. L., & Prat, C. S. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195290 · Cited by 165
The irrelevant-speech effect and children: theoretical implications of developmental change
Elliott, E. M. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194948 · Cited by 163
The Importance of Handwriting Speed in Adult Writing
Peverly, S. T. (2006) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2901_10 · Cited by 164
Chapter 19 Dopamine, cognitive control, and schizophrenia: the gating model
Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63082-4 · Cited by 159
Bell, M. A., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181131fc7 · Cited by 181
Developmental Increase in Working Memory Span: Resource Sharing or Temporal Decay?
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2767 · Cited by 158
Individual differences in working memory capacity predict visual attention allocation
Bleckley, M. K., Durso, F. T., Crutchfield, J. M., Engle, R. W., & Khanna, M. M. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196548 · Cited by 156
Self-citationWorking memory costs of task switching.
Liefooghe, B., Barrouillet, P., Vandierendonck, A., & Camos, V. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.478 · Cited by 154
Babayiğit, S., & Stainthorp, R. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021671 · Cited by 169
Phonological Memory and Rule Learning
Williams, J. N., & Lovatt, P. (2003) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00211 · Cited by 156
The influence of self-efficacy and working memory capacity on problem-solving efficiency
Hoffman, B. H., & Schraw, G. J. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.08.001 · Cited by 180
The Relationship Between Age, Verbal Working Memory, and Language Comprehension.
DeDe, G., Caplan, D. N., Kemtes, K. A., & Waters, G. S. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.601 · Cited by 166
Fluid reasoning and the developing brain
Ferrer, E. E. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.01.003.2009 · Cited by 170
Developmental neural networks in children performing a Categorical N-Back Task
Ciesielski, K. T. R., Lesnik, P. G., Savoy, R. L., Grant, P. E., & Ahlfors, S. P. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.028 · Cited by 152
Gathercole, S. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568971.013.0046 · Cited by 153
Archibald, L. M. D., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.11.004 · Cited by 150
Distinguishing short-term memory from working memory
Kail, R. V., & Hall, L. K. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195735 · Cited by 151
What makes working memory spans so predictive of high-level cognition?
Lépine, R., Parrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196363 · Cited by 149
Are Working Memory Measures Free of Socioeconomic Influence?
de Abreu, P. E., Santos, F. H., & Gathercole, S. E. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0210 · Cited by 149
Differential roles for visuospatial and verbal working memory in situation model construction.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.129.1.61 · Cited by 149
On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning
Salminen, T., Strobach, T., & Schubert, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00166 · Cited by 148
How prior knowledge, WMC, and relevance of information affect eye fixations in expository text.
Kaakinen, J. K., Hyönä, J., & Keenan, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.3.447 · Cited by 148
Seeking the Neural Substrates of Visual Working Memory Storage
Postle, B. R., Druzgal, T. J., & D’Esposito, M. (2003) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70871-2 · Cited by 153
The Irrelevant Sound Phenomenon Revisited: What Role for Working Memory Capacity?
Beaman, C. P. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.5.1106 · Cited by 145
Advances in user-training for mental-imagery-based BCI control
Jeunet, C., N’Kaoua, B., & Lotte, F. (2016) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.002 · Cited by 161
Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: Evidence from aging.
Luo, L., Craik, F. I. M., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0030875 · Cited by 145
Individual differences in working memory capacity and enumeration
Tuholski, S. W., Engle, R. W., & Baylis, G. C. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196399 · Cited by 142
Self-citationAutomatic and controlled processing in sentence recall: The role of long-term and working memory
Jefferies, E., Ralph, M. A. L., & Baddeley, A. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.07.005 · Cited by 142
Temporary Activation of Long-Term Memory Supports Working Memory
Lewis‐Peacock, J. A., & Postle, B. R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1953-08.2008 · Cited by 141
Cognitive Skills, Student Achievement Tests, and Schools
Finn, A. S., Kraft, M. A., West, M. R., Leonard, J., Bish, C. E., Martin, R., Sheridan, M. A., Gabrieli, C. F. O., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613516008 · Cited by 168
Bell, M. A., & Wolfe, C. D. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn3101_2 · Cited by 136
Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity.
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2013) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2013.02.002 · Cited by 139
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015409 · Cited by 158
Short-term memory span: insights from sign language
Boutla, M., Supalla, T. R., Newport, E. L., & Bavelier, D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1298 · Cited by 141
Bühner, M., König, C. J., Pick, M., & Krumm, S. (2006) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1903_4 · Cited by 150
Alloway, T. P. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01281.x · Cited by 150
Does working memory training promote the use of strategies on untrained working memory tasks?
Dunning, D. L., & Holmes, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0410-5 · Cited by 129
V. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): MEASURING WORKING MEMORY
Tulsky, D. S., Carlozzi, N. E., Chevalier, N., Espy, K. A., Beaumont, J. L., & Mungas, D. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12035 · Cited by 146
What makes students click: working memory and look-up behavior
Chun, D. M., & Scott Payne, J. (2004) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2004.09.008 · Cited by 77
Daneman, M., & Hannon, B. A. M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.208 · Cited by 135
Guida, A., Gobet, F. R., Tardieu, H., & Nicolas, S. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.010 · Cited by 147
Duration judgements in patients with schizophrenia
Elvevåg, B., McCormack, T., Gilbert, A. L., Brown, G. D. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008122 · Cited by 133
The be-creative effect in divergent thinking: The interplay of instruction and object frequency
Forthmann, B., Gerwig, A., Holling, H., Çelik, P., Storme, M., & Lubart, T. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.03.005 · Cited by 137
The time-based resource-sharing model of working memory
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570394.003.0004 · Cited by 132
Barrouillet, P., Camos, V., Perruchet, P., & Seron, X. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.2.368 · Cited by 133
Synchronous CMC, Working Memory, and L2 Oral Proficiency Development
Payne, S., & Ross, B. M. (2005) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44031 · Cited by 132
Beyond resources: Formal models of complexity effects and age differences in working memory
Oberauer, K., & Kliegl, R. M. (2001) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440042000278 · Cited by 131
Metadata
- Authors
- Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (US)
- Venue
- Models of Working Memory
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 1999-04-13
- Pages
- 102-134
- OpenAlex
- W1559852210
- Cited by
- 1,195
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 105.07
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory, individual differences, attentional control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, short-term memory, goal maintenance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
