The DOI matches its Crossref record; 183 of the 183 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Features of protein–protein interactions that translate into potent inhibitors: topology, surface area and affinity
Open accessAbstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) control the assembly of multi-protein complexes and, thus, these contacts have enormous potential as drug targets. However, the field has produced a mix of both exciting success stories and frustrating challenges. Here, we review known examples and explore how the physical features of a PPI, such as its affinity, hotspots, off-rates, buried surface area and topology, might influence the chances of success in finding inhibitors. This analysis suggests that concise, tight binding PPIs are most amenable to inhibition. However, it is also clear that emerging technical methods are expanding the repertoire of ‘druggable’ protein contacts and increasing the odds against difficult targets. In particular, natural product-like compound libraries, high throughput screens specifically designed for PPIs and approaches that favour discovery of allosteric inhibitors appear to be attractive routes. The first group of PPI inhibitors has entered clinical trials, further motivating the need to understand the challenges and opportunities in pursuing these types of targets.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., & Feeney, P. J. (2001) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0 · Cited by 18,139
Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes
Gavin, A.-C., Bösche, M., Krause, R., Grandi, P., Marzioch, M., Bauer, A., Schultz, J., Rick, J. M., Michon, A.-M., Cruciat, C.-M., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415141a · Cited by 4,759
In Vivo Activation of the p53 Pathway by Small-Molecule Antagonists of MDM2
Vassilev, L. T., Vu, B. T., Graves, B., Carvajal, D., Podlaski, F., Filipovic, Z., Kong, N., Kammlott, U., Lukacs, C., Klein, C., et al. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092472 · Cited by 4,661
An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours
Oltersdorf, T., Elmore, S. W., Shoemaker, A. R., Armstrong, R. C., Augeri, D. J., Belli, B. A., Bruncko, M., Deckwerth, T. L., Dinges, J., Hajduk, P. J., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03579 · Cited by 3,416
Hopkins, A. L., & Groom, C. R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd892 · Cited by 3,305
Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein–protein interaction network
Rual, J.-F., Venkatesan, K., Hao, T., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Dricot, A., Li, N., Berriz, G. F., Gibbons, F. D., Dreze, M., Ayivi-Guedehoussou, N., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04209 · Cited by 2,933
Nitric oxide synthases: Roles, tolls, and controls
Nathan, C., & Xie, Q.-W. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90266-6 · Cited by 2,918
Principles of protein-protein interactions
Jones, S., & Thornton, J. M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.13 · Cited by 2,684
Target-Oriented and Diversity-Oriented Organic Synthesis in Drug Discovery
Schreiber, S. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5460.1964 · Cited by 2,568
HSP90 and the chaperoning of cancer
Whitesell, L., & Lindquist, S. L. (2005) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1716 · Cited by 2,502
Cited by
Therapeutic Peptides: Current Applications and Future Directions
Wang, L., Wang, N., Zhang, W., Cheng, X., Yan, Z., Shao, G., Wang, X., Wang, R., & Fu, C. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4 · Cited by 2,131
Small molecules, big targets: drug discovery faces the protein–protein interaction challenge
Scott, D. E., Bayly, A. R., Abell, C., & Skidmore, J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.29 · Cited by 1,137
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions: Progressing toward the Reality
Arkin, M. R., Tang, Y., & Wells, J. A. (2014) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.001 · Cited by 1,065
Lu, H., Zhou, Q., He, J., Jiang, Z., Peng, C., Tong, R., & Shi, J. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00315-3 · Cited by 891
Advance in peptide-based drug development: delivery platforms, therapeutics and vaccines
Xiao, W., Jiang, W., Chen, Z., Huang, Y., Mao, J., Zheng, W., Hu, Y., & Shi, J. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-02107-5 · Cited by 449
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. C., & Gestwicki, J. E.
- Venue
- Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- e16-e16
- ISSN
- 1462-3994 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2138380905
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 183
- FWCI
- 17.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Features of protein–protein interactions that translate into potent inhibitors: topology, surface area and affinity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/erm.2012.10
- The paper
- Smith, M. C., & Gestwicki, J. E. (2012). Features of protein–protein interactions that translate into potent inhibitors: topology, surface area and affinity. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2012.10
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.