Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000

May combine two claims.

Monteverde, as a private reserve, could charge more than national parks and generated enough revenue to cover upkeep even before the ecotourism boom.

“As a private reserve, Monteverde was able to charge visitors more than the national parks, and could generate enough revenue to pay for its upkeep even before the ecotourism boom.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jungle Trails remained small and employed no more than seven workers.

“Jungle Trails remained small, and although it survived into the 1990s, it employed no more than seven workers.”

May combine two claims.

Archie Fields founded a company in 1972 that became Swiss Travel, one of Costa Rica's largest mainstream and nature tour operators in the 1980s.

“Florida-born tourism entrepreneur Archie Fields established a company in 1972 that in the 1980s became one of Costa Rica's largest mainstream and nature tour operators under the name Swiss Travel.”

• cites [69]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The oral history interviews accurately report the entrepreneurs' past actions and motivations.

May combine two claims.

Costa Rican tourist arrivals rose from 155,000 in 1970 to 435,000 in 1990 and 1.1 million in 2000, while tourism revenues grew from US$21 million to US$1.15 billion.

“Total tourist arrivals increased from 155,000 in 1970, to 435,000 in 1990, and to 1.1 million in 2000, with revenues generated by tourism growing from US$21 million to $1.15 billion over that period.”

• cites [1]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Coles's Jungle Trails mainly attracted wealthy British tourists who had developed an interest in nature tourism.

“Jungle Trails drew mainly wealthy British tourists who had developed an interest in nature tourism.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The oral history interviews accurately report the entrepreneurs' past actions and motivations.

May combine two claims.

Science tourism generated an estimated US$1 million in 1976, and a decade later La Selva and OTS alone brought in US$1.5 million, about 1.3 percent of national tourism spending.

“Altogether, “science tourism” generated an estimated US$1 million in revenues in 1976, and a decade later La Selva and OTS alone brought in US$1.5 million, or approximately 1.3 percent of overall tourism spending in the country.”

• cites [55]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 1985 tax incentives for large-scale tourism investment did not apply to smaller enterprises, which soon included most ecotourism developments.

“These incentives did not apply to smaller-scale enterprises, which would soon include most ecotourism developments”

• cites [28]Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Beginning in 1978, several tour operators and private reserve proprietors with environmental principles and international connections led creation of the commercial market, joined by a wave of companies after 1985.

“Then, beginning in 1978, several tour operators and private reserve proprietors with strong environmental principles and international connections led the way in creating the commercial market, joined by a wave of other companies after 1985”

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica lost 2.5 million hectares of forest between 1940 and 1980, with annual deforestation peaking in the 1970s at about 60,000 hectares per year.

“Between 1940 and 1980, Costa Rica lost 2.5 million hectares of forest, with annual average deforestation rates reaching their height in the 1970s, at approximately 60,000 hectares per year.”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jungle Trails mainly attracted wealthy British tourists who were interested in nature tourism.

“Jungle Trails drew mainly wealthy British tourists who had developed an interest in nature tourism.”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A Costa Rican ecotourism takeoff was underway by the late 1980s, with visits to protected forest areas rising from 287,000 in 1987 to 866,000 in 1999.

“a takeoff of ecotourism in Costa Rica was underway by the late 1980s, with visits to protected forest areas increasing from 287,000 in 1987 to 866,000 in 1999.”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The International Ecotourism Society's definition of ecotourism is an appropriate basis for identifying a Costa Rican ecotourism takeoff.

May combine two claims.

By 1998, Costa Rica's state financed 50 percent of park system operating costs and entrance fees financed 30 percent.

“by 1998, the state fi nanced 50 percent of the park system's operating costs and the entrance fees fi nanced 30 percent.”

• cites [61]Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Papagayo Excursions attracted international tourists, especially Americans but also Canadians and Europeans, and expanded visits during the early 1980s recession by marketing catch-and-release deep-sea fishing.

“Nonetheless, Papagayo Excursions began to draw international tourists, especially Americans, but also Canadians and Europeans, and even managed to expand visits from abroad during the early 1980s in the midst of a recession by marketing their environmentally friendly catch-and-release deep-sea fi shing expeditions.”

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The oral history interviews accurately report the entrepreneurs' past actions and motivations.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jungle Trails did not operate throughout the year until 1986.

“the company did not operate year-round until 1986.”

May combine two claims.

Kaye focused on bringing smaller numbers of North American tourists to Costa Rica and providing premium service.

“Kaye focused instead on drawing smaller numbers of North American tourists to an unfamiliar but highly promising destination and providing them premium service.”

May combine two claims.

Both Budowski and Forero broke with family expectations in order to work in the travel business.

“Both Budowski and Forero broke with family expectations in order to work in the travel business.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1984, Tamara Budowski and Margarita Forero, both aged twenty-four, established Horizontes Nature Tours.

“In 1984 the two women, both aged twenty-four, established Horizontes Nature Tours.”

May combine two claims.

Tikal's ecosafari clientele differed from traditional ecotourism clients: they expected greater comfort, and Roberts occasionally had to explain there would be no elephant sightings.

“The clientele was quite different from those traditionally attracted to ecotourism: Roberts occasionally had to explain that there would be no elephant sightings on a Costa Rican ecosafari.They expected greater comfort”

May combine two claims.

Roberts eventually built his own ecolodge at Lago Coter to exert greater control over the quality of the experience while maintaining ecological standards.

“Roberts eventually built his own ecolodge at Lago Coter in order to exert greater control over the quality of the experience while maintaining ecological standards.”

May combine two claims.

In the 1990s, over industry opposition, Costa Rica Expeditions argued that park fees should be raised to increase conservation funds, and it donated more than $100,000 to parks and NGOs for environmental protection.

“In the 1990s, over industry opposition, the company argued that park fees should be raised to increase funds for conservation, and it donated more than $100,000 to the parks and NGOs for environmental protection”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tourism remained Costa Rica's principal export and source of foreign exchange apart from a few years when microchip production from an Intel plant outpaced it.

“and remained so apart from a few years in which it was outpaced by microchip production from an Intel plant.”

• cites [150]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They met and became friends at the technical college in Cartago, which offered a new degree program in tourism.

“They met and became friends at the technical college in Cartago, which offered a new degree program in tourism.”

May combine two claims.

Large majorities of Costa Rica's tourism businesses remained small scale and located in rural areas.

“while large majorities of the nation's tourism businesses remained small scale and located in rural areas.”

• cites [152]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although Costa Rica Expeditions was widely regarded as a green company, local chapters of environmental NGOs occasionally criticized it for relatively high volume.

“Although it was widely regarded as a green company, and Kaye became involved with the International Ecotourism Society, local chapters of environmental NGOs occasionally criticized Costa Rica Expeditions for its relatively high volume.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kaye later argued explicitly that operating in an environmentally and culturally sensitive way made both business and ethical sense.

“He later argued explicitly that operating in an environmentally and culturally sensitive way made both business sense and ethical sense.”

May combine two claims.

In 1986, Kaye arranged a loan from a U.S.-backed private bank and bought a hotel in Tortuguero.

“in 1986, when the opportunity arose to buy a hotel in Tortuguero, where Costa Rica Expeditions had been sending clients, Kaye arranged a loan from a U.S.-backed private bank and bought the hotel.”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Kaye intended to invest in long-term operations in Costa Rica rather than repatriate profits to the United States, and buying hotels was one step in that direction.

“Kaye intended to invest in long-term operations in Costa Rica, rather than to repatriate his profi ts to the United States, and the purchase of hotels was one step in that direction.”

• cites [86]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Those entrepreneurs became proud that their businesses directly protected valuable or representative lands and supported some scientific research.

“and became proud of the fact that their businesses directly protected valuable or representative lands and supported some scientifi c research.”

May combine two claims.

At the time, Tikal's main business was ticketing Costa Rican outbound tourists and packaged bus tours elsewhere in Central America, but Roberts wanted to bring more international visitors to Costa Rica.

“At the time, Tikal's principal business involved ticketing Costa Rican outbound tourists and packaged bus tours to sights elsewhere in Central America, but Roberts sought to bring more international visitors to Costa Rica.”

May combine two claims.

Roberts registered the term ecotourism as a trademark in 1985 as the concept was becoming popular.

“Indeed, Roberts registered the term as a trademark in 1985, as the general concept was becoming popular.”

May combine two claims.

Strong served as a silent partner until 1992, when Roberts reacquired the shares from Ecodesarrollos.

“The Canadian would serve as a silent partner until 1992, when Roberts reacquired the shares from Ecodesarrollos.”

• cites [98]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As Kaye led his first rafting groups in 1978, 28-year-old Costa Rican Bary Roberts was considering how to expand inbound tourism without destructive overdevelopment.

“As Kaye led his fi rst rafting groups in 1978, the 28-year-old Costa Rican Bary Roberts was pondering how to expand inbound tourism without generating destructive overdevelopment.”

May combine two claims.

The following year, Tikal managed about a third of Fiesta's business in Costa Rica, providing its own guides and buses but subcontracting hotels.

“The following year, Tikal managed about a third of Fiesta's business in Costa Rica, providing its own guides and buses but subcontracting hotels.”

May combine two claims.

Kaye opposed several dams on California rivers, but the protests only delayed construction, which was a major factor prompting him to sell his Mother Lode shares and leave California.

“He opposed several dams on California rivers, but the protests merely delayed construction, which was the major factor prompting Kaye to sell his shares in Mother Lode and leave the state.”

May combine two claims.

This left room for Gallo to leave Kaye's operation in 1985 to start Rios Tropicales with Fernando Esquivel, focusing more on the domestic market.

“This left room for Gallo to leave Kaye's operation amicably in 1985 to start his own ecologically sensitive rafting enterprise, Rios Tropicales, with partner Fernando Esquivel, to focus more on the domestic market.”

• cites [81]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Budowski studied marketing in Miami, where she learned about problems of mass tourism development, and Forero specialized in tourism administration in Salzburg, Austria.

“Budowski studied marketing in Miami, Florida, where she was alerted to the problems of mass tourism development, and Forero specialized in tourism administration in Salzburg, Austria.”

• cites [110]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica Expeditions continued to grow throughout the 1990s and became a partner in one of Costa Rica's first Internet service providers in 1994 to take advantage of direct marketing opportunities.

“It continued to grow throughout the 1990s, taking advantage of the opportunities for direct marketing provided by the Internet by becoming a partner in one of Costa Rica's fi rst Internet service providers in 1994.”

• cites [89]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1978, Roberts met Maurice Strong, who offered him an investment equal to a quarter of the company's value.

“he arranged a meeting in 1978 with Maurice Strong, the Canadian businessman and organizer of the fi rst U.N. conference on the environment in Stockholm in 1972, who was visiting Costa Rica.”

• Also stated in: § Tour Operators · plain

  “Strong offered him an investment equal to a quarter of the value of the company.”

• cites [96]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica Expeditions eventually vertically integrated by purchasing several other properties, including a hotel at Monteverde built in 1991 to guarantee lodging during the ecotourism boom.

“Eventually the company vertically integrated by purchasing several other properties, including a hotel at Monteverde, which it built in 1991 to guarantee lodging at the popular destination during the ecotourism boom.”

• cites [85]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By 1991, about 75 percent of Kaye's 20,000 annual clients came to Costa Rica for natural history ecotours, spending an average of $148 a day in the country.

“By 1991 some 75 percent of Kaye's twenty thousand annual clients came to Costa Rica for natural history ecotours, spending an average of $148 a day in the country.”

• cites [87]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In addition to Finca Rosa Blanca, which was planned beginning in 1985 and may have been the first boutique ecohotel when it opened in 1989, two of the most innovative and architecturally dramatic were the Lapa Rios Ecolodge, established by Karen and John Lewis, and Hotel Si Como No, established by Jim Damalas.

“In addition to Finca Rosa Blanca, which was planned beginning in 1985 and may have been the fi rst boutique ecohotel when it opened in 1989, two of the most innovative and architecturally dramatic were the Lapa Rios Ecolodge, established by Karen and John Lewis, 162 and Hotel Si Como No, established by Jim Damalas.”

• cites [162]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The new wave of tourists who were the intended beneficiaries of the CST and other certification systems included demographics that had not ventured to Costa Rica in prior years.

“The new wave of tourists who were the intended benefi ciaries of the CST and other certifi cation systems included demographics that had not ventured to Costa Rica in prior years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The category raised employment and generated considerable income flows.

“The category raised employment and generated considerable income fl ows.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Michael Kaye, for instance, noted that consumer purchasing patterns and company reviews reflected no desire to put sustainability at a level with price or comfort.

“Michael Kaye, for instance, noted that consumer purchasing patterns and company reviews refl ected no desire to put sustainability at a level with price or comfort.”

• cites [165]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Even the most environmentally sensitive international tourists still arrived by air, with all of the associated problems of burning fossil fuels.

“Even the most environmentally sensitive international tourists still arrived by air, with all of the associated problems of burning fossil fuels.”

May combine two claims.

The first version of CST was made available for hotels in 1997 and for tour operators in 2001, and it offered on-site inspections by accredited auditors to verify performance in areas such as water and energy consumption, emissions, waste management, effect on flora and fauna, and impact on the local community.

“The fi rst version of CST was made available for hotels in 1997 and for tour operators in 2001, and it offered on-site inspections by accredited auditors to verify performance in such areas as water and energy consumption, emissions, waste management, effect on fl ora and fauna, and impact on the local community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The country had been rebranded as a natural paradise.

“The country had been rebranded as a natural paradise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

They were often expatriated Americans who came to the country in search either of biological riches to study or a peaceful society.

“They were often expatriated Americans who came to the country in search either of biological riches to study or a peaceful society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Mass tourism continued to grow, particularly on the beaches of Guanacaste.

“Mass tourism continued to grow, particularly on the beaches of Guanacaste.”

May combine two claims.

Miller and Budowski's ideas, through their influence on Mario Boza, led directly to Costa Rica's national park system and the rise of ecotourism.

“Through their infl uence on a young graduate student, Mario Boza, these ideas led directly to the national park system and the rise of ecotourism.”

• cites [56] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Costa Rican ecotourism involves nature tourism run by small businesses, which remain understudied despite their broader importance.

“The Costa Rican ecotourism case, by contrast, involves nature tourism conducted by small businesses, which remain understudied despite their importance within the industry more broadly.”

May combine two claims.

Clustering generated positive externalities that attracted new entrepreneurs and allowed knowledge spillovers.

“Clustering created positive externalities, drawing new entrepreneurs into the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers.”

May combine two claims.

National parks were a significant draw for private tour companies and made investing in tours worthwhile.

“The parks were always a signifi cant draw for private tour companies, making it worth investing to operate tours.”

May combine two claims.

Arias's 1987 Nobel Peace Prize signaled Costa Rica's commitment to peace, stability, and democratic traditions and generated widespread interest in the country.

“The prize provided a strong global signal of the country's commitment to peace, stability, and cosmopolitan and democratic traditions, and generated widespread interest in Costa Rica.”

• cites [36] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica's political stability distinguished it from its neighbors and promoted the growth of all tourism types.

“The growth of all varieties of tourism was, however, promoted by a level of political stability that set the country apart from its neighbors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The emerging literature has identified entrepreneurs and firms as central to the commodification of places.

“the emergent literature has identifi ed the role that entrepreneurs and fi rms played in the commodifi cation of “places.””

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many ecotourism entrepreneurs' interests and attitudes were shaped by late 1960s and 1970s counterculture, expanded international travel, and popular environmentalism.

“Regardless of their nationality, the interests and attitudes of many of these entrepreneurs had been shaped by new cultural developments of the late 1960s and 1970s, including the counterculture, the increasing availability of international travel and adventure in the jet age, and the growth of popular environmentalism.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The oral history interviews accurately report the entrepreneurs' past actions and motivations.

May combine two claims.

Ecotourism delivered significant economic and environmental benefits to Costa Rica.

“Ecotourism delivered signifi cant economic and environmental benefi ts to Costa Rica.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The risks natural history tours faced in Guatemala were obviated in Costa Rica by its system of parks and private reserves.

“The risks such tours faced in Guatemala-he had once scheduled a tour to an area that turned out to have been unexpectedly clear-cut-were obviated by Costa Rica's system of parks and private reserves.”

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica Expeditions brought increased revenue to the parks and provided guiding and accommodations services that the park service could not afford.

“Costa Rica Expeditions thus brought increased revenue to the parks and provided the guiding and accommodations services that the park service could not afford to budget.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Not long after Costa Rica Expeditions diversified from rafting into ecotourism, other travel companies run by Costa Ricans with international connections joined in.

“Not long after Costa Rica Expeditions diversifi ed from rafting into ecotourism, other travel companies run by Costa Ricans with international connections joined in.”

May combine two claims.

Multiple small-scale entrepreneurs helped ensure that formally protected areas remained sustainable parks and reserves by providing revenues, education in conservation to tourists, community development and jobs, international demand for tourist travel, and self-regulation to ensure that tourism was a net benefit to the nation's forests and wildlife.

“Multiple small-scale entrepreneurs helped ensure that formally protected areas remained sustainable parks and reserves by providing revenues, education in conservation to tourists, community development and jobs, international demand for tourist travel, and self-regulation to ensure that tourism was a net benefi t to the nation's forests and wildlife.”

May combine two claims.

Costa Rica thereby risked that new entrants driven solely by profit or desire to increase national tourism revenues would overdevelop the industry, jeopardizing natural resources and the position of pioneering firms.

“It thereby risked the possibility that the new entrants to the market, driven solely by profi t or by the desire to increase national tourism revenues, would overdevelop the industry, jeopardizing the country's natural resources and the position of the pioneering fi rms.”

May combine two claims.

The former especially created opportunities for boutique hotels and luxury ecolodges, such as Glenn Jampol's Finca Rosa Blanca, which were quite different in character from early rustic lodges but were equally committed to environmental principles.

“The former especially created opportunities for boutique hotels and luxury ecolodges, such as Glenn Jampol's Finca Rosa Blanca, which were quite different in character from early rustic lodges but were equally committed to environmental principles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Without the scientists' and conservationists' work, little would have been known about Costa Rica's rainforests and their denizens, few if any national parks would have been created, and little international interest would have arisen for trekking through tropical jungles before they disappeared.

“Without the scientists' and conservationists' work, little would have been known about Costa Rica's rainforests and their denizens, few if any national parks would have been created, and little international interest would have arisen for trekking through steamy tropical jungles before they disappeared in the name of progress.”

May combine two claims.

Even for entrepreneurs whose environmental convictions were integrated into their companies' principles, the influx of new and less well-informed tourists created challenges in providing good service and concerns about potential damage caused by an increase in scale.

“Even for entrepreneurs whose environmental convictions were integrated into their companies' principles, the infl ux of new and less well-informed tourists created challenges in providing good service and concerns about the potential damage caused by an increase in scale.”

May combine two claims.

While the multiple gains from ecotourism were evident, by the early twenty-first century, the trade-offs and limitations had also become clear.

“While the multiple gains from ecotourism were evident, by the early twenty-fi rst century, the trade-offs and limitations had also become clear.”

May combine two claims.

These criticisms were indicative of some of the challenges of trying to codify what sustainable tourism actually meant, and more broadly of the incentives of certification schemes that sought to be widely adopted to set metrics at levels that many participants had a realistic chance of meeting.

“These criticisms were indicative of some of the challenges of trying to codify what sustainable tourism actually meant, and more broadly of the incentives of certifi cation schemes that sought to be widely adopted to set metrics at levels that many participants had a realistic chance of meeting.”

May combine two claims.

They were left with preserving their own forests and wildlife, maintaining a high level of sustainability in their own operations, and hoping to convey their message one tourist at a time.

“They were left with preserving their own forests and wildlife, maintaining a high level of sustainability in their own operations, and hoping to convey their message one tourist at a time.”

May combine two claims.

Forest and wildlife biologists and other students of ecosystems and biodiversity were vital at the start of the process, as were national and international conservation NGOs.

“Forest and wildlife biologists and other students of ecosystems and biodiversity were vital at the start of the process, as were national and international conservation NGOs.”

May combine two claims.

Although the category was highly fragmented and spread over different locations, clustering within the country created positive externalities for new entrepreneurs to enter the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers.

“Although the category was highly fragmented and spread over different locations, clustering within the country created positive externalities for new entrepreneurs to enter the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By 2002, when the United Nations declared the International Year of Ecotourism, Costa Rican ecotourism was an impressive success held up as a worldwide model.

“By 2002, when the United Nations declared the International Year of Ecotourism, Costa Rican ecotourism was an impressive success held up as a worldwide model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

She was not alone among the pioneering generation of entrepreneurs.

“She was not alone among the pioneering generation of entrepreneurs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As the advent of the Web during the 1990s opened up new travel booking options, the challenge for such businesses was to remain committed to sustainability, even as Internet comparison-shopping sites focused primarily on price.

“As the advent of the Web during the 1990s opened up new travel booking options, the challenge for such businesses was to remain committed to sustainability, even as Internet comparison-shopping sites focused primarily on price.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

They brought ecological ideas, whether at the level of academic biology or environmentalist convictions, and together with Costa Rican biologists and environmentalists helped to spread these ideas widely.

“They brought ecological ideas, whether at the level of academic biology or environmentalist convictions, and together with Costa Rican biologists and environmentalists helped to spread these ideas widely.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They brought the opportunity to extend the educational mission of ecotourism, but there were also trade-offs.

“They brought the opportunity to extend the educational mission of ecotourism, but there were also trade-offs.”