The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 167 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence
Open accessAbstract
Objective.: This paper seeks to review the available evidence to determine whether a systems approach is employed in the implementation and evaluation of task shifting for mental health using lay providers in low- and middle-income countries, and to highlight system-wide effects of task-shifting strategies in order to better inform efforts to strength community mental health systems. Methods.: Pubmed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Articles were screened by two independent reviewers with a third reviewer resolving discrepancies. Two stages of screens were done to ensure sensitivity. Studies were analysed using the World Health Organization's building blocks framework with the addition of a community building block, and systems thinking characteristics to determine the extent to which system-wide effects had been considered. Results.: Thirty studies were included. Almost all studies displayed positive findings on mental health using task shifting. One study showed no effect. No studies explicitly employed systems thinking tools, but some demonstrated systems thinking characteristics, such as exploring various stakeholder perspectives, capturing unintended consequences, and looking across sectors for system-wide impact. Twenty-five of the 30 studies captured elements other than the most directly relevant building blocks of service delivery and health workforce. Conclusions.: There is a lack of systematic approaches to exploring complexity in the evaluation of task-shifting interventions. Systems thinking tools should support evidence-informed decision making for a more complete understanding of community-based systems strengthening interventions for mental health.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review of 30 studies in LMICs found task shifting for mental health using lay providers was generally feasible and effective, but evaluations rarely applied systems thinking. No included study explicitly used systems thinking tools, though some captured system-wide elements across WHO health system building blocks.
Key findings
- Thirty studies were included; almost all showed positive mental health findings and one showed no effect. Task shifting was generally feasible and acceptable, but perceptions of quality of care provided by lay providers remained uncertain.
- Twenty-five of 30 studies (83%) mentioned at least one WHO building block beyond service delivery and health workforce; all 30 included the added community/people building block. Among the 25, 16 (80%) considered information/technology, 11 (55%) medicines/medical devices, 15 (70%) financing, and 10 (50%) leadership/governance.
- No studies explicitly employed systems thinking tools or system dynamics modelling, but six studies took a more comprehensive approach to capturing system implications, such as stakeholder perspectives, feedback, and intersectoral effects.
- Barriers included stigma, poor documentation/follow-up, medicine access and prescribing-training gaps, demand-side financial/geographic barriers, heavy workloads, weak collaboration with traditional/spiritual healers, and provider–decision-maker disconnect. Facilitators included lay providers’ community relatability, specialist support, technology/telemedicine supervision, integrated livelihood/social supports, and existing networks.
Methods
- Systematic review: PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane were searched 5 September–30 October 2016. From 1357 records, 249 duplicates were removed, 1108 titles/abstracts were screened, 147 met first-stage criteria, and 30 papers were included. Two independent reviewers screened, with a blinded third reviewer resolving discrepancies; inclusion required LMIC setting, mental health focus, task shifting to lay providers with fewer than 3 years of training, research article, English, and not a pilot.
- Data extraction and analysis used CASP tools for quality and coded studies against the six WHO building blocks plus a seventh community/people block, along with systems thinking characteristics such as stakeholder perspectives, network/process mapping, feedback mechanisms, and system dynamics. No meta-analysis was done because interventions were diverse, conducted at multiple scales, and included qualitative evaluations.
Limitations
- Stated: the wide variety of mental health interventions, populations, and outcome measures may make broader conclusions difficult to apply to unique mental health conditions; some studies may have considered system-wide effects but not reported them in final manuscripts.
- Stated/evident: the search was limited to January 1996–September 2016, English peer-reviewed research articles, and excluded pilot studies; no meta-analysis was performed.
- Evident: because no included study explicitly used systems thinking tools, conclusions about system-wide effects rely on implicit mentions; the review also highlighted interventions primarily in the health sector, with few cross-sector task-shifting examples.
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Claims the paper makes
88 Not checked yet · 18 Own result · 17 No basis given · 13 Own method · 9 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One study showed no effect.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No studies explicitly employed systems thinking tools”
- Also stated in: § Data extraction and analysis · plain
“Use of system dynamics theory, causal loop diagrams, and other system modelling techniques were also included in the extraction criteria, but none were found.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Data extraction and analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All studies showed that task shifting for mental health was feasible and acceptable in the given contexts”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“perceptions of quality of care provided by lay providers remain uncertain”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some demonstrated systems thinking characteristics, such as exploring various stakeholder perspectives, capturing unintended consequences, and looking across sectors for system-wide impact.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-five of the 30 studies captured elements other than the most directly relevant building blocks of service delivery and health workforce.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost all studies displayed positive findings on mental health using task shifting.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Perception surveys in Ghana directly involved policy directors, which provided an improved understanding of the gap between perceptions of lay provider programmes by policy directors and realities in the field (Agyapong et al. 2015a, b, 2016).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015b
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“That is, lay providers, not trained in prescription of psychotropic medicines, found themselves prescribing them due to community needs (Agyapong et al. 2015a).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 30 studies, 25 (83%) included mention of the six WHO health system building blocks other than service delivery and health workforce (Table 6).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 42
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty studies were included.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“a final set of 30 papers were included”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Results.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No studies were excluded on the basis of quality.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two papers included economic evaluation”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Shortage of medicines and the resulting limitations placed on lay providers were impediments in achieving improved health outcomes and demoralized providers who were unable to provide adequate care (Petersen et al. 2011; Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Across these different contexts, community mental health programmes were variable in nature with some being more integrated into existing health systems”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2010b
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measures used included mental health assessment tools, such as the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-10), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Psychiatric Symptom Score, UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Facilitators identified to support this need were the use of step sheets for enhanced fidelity to interventions and training on documentation of patient visits on mobile phones (Bolton et al. 2014; Rotheram-Borus et al. 2015; Murray et al. 2015b).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolton et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Rotheram-Borus et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al. 2015b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were conducted in India, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Pakistan, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Indonesia, Iraq, Argentina, Botswana Jamaica, Ethiopia, Zambia, and Thailand, primarily at the district (includes village) level (see Table 5).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, all eligible references were already captured in the search.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This building block was often mentioned in terms of use of technology for screening of mental illness (Hung et al. 2014; Padilla et al. 2015), use of mobile technology for supervision of lay providers (Tomlinson et al. 2011; Magidson et al. 2015; Agyapong et al. 2016), and need for improved data management tools to ensure adequate follow-up patients at-risk of poor mental health (Agyapong et al. 2”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hung et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Padilla et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Tomlinson et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Programme-level supervision of lay providers, which was raised as a challenge across most of the studies included, was not captured as an overarching leadership and governance issue in this review as it is not sufficiently addressing system-level leadership and governance (Schneider & Lehmann, 2016).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schneider & Lehmann, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fifteen studies (70%) raised financing issues in task shifting for mental health with most referring to lack of funds as a limitation to scale-up, pointing to the need to prove cost-effectiveness as a means of ensuring investment by policy and decision makers (Agyapong et al. 2015a, 2016; Murray et al. 2015b).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2016
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al. 2015b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three papers were pre/post- or prospective cohort studies”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualitative measures of impact included participatory action research, implementation research, case study, and other qualitative approaches with an aim to explore broader systems components.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another mentioned the lack of such collaboration with other sectors as a barrier in seeing improved treatment outcomes (Thurman et al. 2014).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thurman et al. 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These interventions focused on the education sector, where peer group support for AIDS counselling (Kumakech et al. 2009) or support for disability management (Lorenzo et al. 2015) would take place; across non-governmental organizations for vulnerable populations (Bolton et al. 2014); and with the criminal and social services sectors (Murray et al. 2015b).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumakech et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Lorenzo et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al. 2015b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies demonstrated the range of actors necessary for successful integration and showed that actors may have different interpretations of challenges, and different strengths in mitigating these challenges.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: An important element of systems thinking is understanding roles, characteristics, and interactions of the players involved.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Leadership and governance issues beyond the health sector played a heavy role in the ability of lay providers to provide necessary mental health services; therefore, collaboration with other officials was raised as being important to the intervention (Neuner et al. 2008; Murray et al. 2015b).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neuner et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al. 2015b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One such example is the referral of patients to income-generating programmes within the agricultural sector (Petersen et al. 2011).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review demonstrates that there is space for more systematic approaches to studying health systems elements that affect and/or are impacted upon by task-shifting interventions for mental health.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies included qualitative methods that allowed them to capture some of the interactions within the system and highlight barriers, facilitators and effects that fell outside the limited scope of the task-shifting intervention (Petersen et al. 2011; Lorenzo et al. 2015; Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015; Padilla et al. 2015; Agyapong et al. 2016).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Lorenzo et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“implementation research methods facilitate this, making adjustments for context and cultural needs”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mendenhall et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Murray et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: An important element of systems thinking is understanding roles, characteristics, and interactions of the players involved.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The perceptions surveys conducted in Ghana, the phenomenological approach across South Africa, Botswana and Malawi, the multi-country stakeholder perspective mapping, and the cross-country comparison of South Africa and Uganda through interviews and focus groups captured such perspectives and allowed for improved understanding of gaps to ensure successful scale-up and integration into the health”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Mendenhall et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: An important element of systems thinking is understanding roles, characteristics, and interactions of the players involved.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“lack of access to psychotropic medicines and/or lack of sufficient training for rational prescribing practice (Patel et al. 2011; Agyapong et al. 2015a; Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015);”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Barriers and facilitators of scaling up mental health care by the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Agyapong et al. 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the majority of studies did not explicitly use a systems thinking approach, some studies indicated implicit consideration of systems thinking characteristics.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a lack of systematic approaches to exploring this complexity in the evaluation of task-shifting interventions.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review shows the complexity of task-shifting interventions by exploring interactions of intervention elements and actors across the six WHO building blocks.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, task shifting is a system-wide intervention that has implications beyond the players and programmes directly involved in its implementation; it reallocates resources across the health system to trigger change.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Recognizing task shifting as a system intervention for mental health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The six building blocks of the health system – service delivery, health workforce, information technology, medical products, financing, and leadership – are made dynamic, adaptive, and interactive through a systems thinking lens as it is designed to explore how different elements are connected in a system and the impact and implications of these connections”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Using systems thinking to evaluate the impact of task shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adam et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mental and physical health are interconnected, and early detection can lead to improved health outcomes and increase cost-effectiveness for the health system”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WONCA, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Levin & Chisholm, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Few studies focus on the wider impact of task shifting across the health system and, likewise, the scale-up of mental health strategies”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Applying evidence for success in capacity building for mental health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eaton et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Yaya Bocoum et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In resource-poor settings, task shifting has been an effective approach to addressing health workforce challenges and strengthening systems for mental health”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Recognizing task shifting as a system intervention for mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eaton et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Kakuma et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This weakness in the literature undermines the complexity of interactions and changes that take place in health systems, and stymies the potential scale-up and sustainable integration of promising task-shifting strategies”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Applying evidence for success in capacity building for mental health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adam et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Yaya Bocoum et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there is a need for 1.18 million mental health workers to move towards closing the mental health treatment gap”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fulton et al. 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Systems thinking also incorporates another key health systems element: communities and people”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Using systems thinking to evaluate the impact of task shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adam et al. 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poor policy implementation, inadequate human resource allocation to support the process, poor community engagement, and low access to medicines are among the challenges of integration”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Applying evidence for success in capacity building for mental health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Eaton et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites van Ginneken et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it requires primary care providers to be trained in identifying poor mental health and taking action towards treatment”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WONCA, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By enhancing understanding of different perspectives across multiple interacting agents, the changing context in which they interact, and the changes resulting from new patterns created over time, systems thinking can serve as an important policy toolkit”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Using systems thinking to evaluate the impact of task shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adam et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Peters, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Integration of mental health into health systems, especially in primary care systems, is not without its challenges, particularly in resource-poor settings”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction > Applying evidence for success in capacity building for mental health care
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2010a
- Not checked yetcites Eaton et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Weinmann & Koesters, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“only 20% of persons with common mental disorders (CMDs) received treatment in the year prior to the survey, with only 10% receiving minimally adequate treatment”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In LMICs, not only are there limited mental health services available, utilization of existing services is also poor for a multitude of reasons, including geographic, cultural, and financial access barriers”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murthy, 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites van Ginneken et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Chowdhary et al. 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two study authors read all included full texts and extracted the following data”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Data extraction and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools were used to assess the quality of the studies”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Data extraction and analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CASP, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the references of included articles were searched to identify additional citations that were not captured in the search as a means of ensuring the robustness of the study.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of inter-rater disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted on the inclusion or exclusion of the article in question. The third reviewer was blinded and has expertise in health systems research.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk of bias and limitations of included studies were then assessed using more detailed items found on CASP checklists”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Data extraction and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where length of training was not specified, we used our collective judgment to determine whether task shifting was towards a provider with minimal mental health training.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of outcome measures was not done as the interventions were diverse, conducted at multiple scales, and included qualitative evaluations of stakeholder perceptions.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By looking at the level and range of stakeholder engagement, we were able to identify instances were roles and interactions of stakeholders not directly involved in the intervention were explored”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Data extraction and analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two stages of screens were done to ensure sensitivity.”
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
“A two-stage approach to inclusion was employed to ensure sensitivity.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Methods.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The building blocks model allowed for a systematic way to determine whether the impact of the intervention was assessed beyond the specific building blocks in which they were implemented”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Data extraction and analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles were screened by two independent reviewers with a third reviewer resolving discrepancies.”
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
“the titles and abstracts of all identified articles were independently reviewed by two authors”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Abstract > Methods.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The training criteria was articulated with input from a health workforce specialist”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Methods > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The intersectoral fora created to support these programmes strengthened their ability to integrate into existing systems and provided a wider range of community referral pathways for lay providers to use in linking their patients to the resources necessary for thriving, thereby indirectly enhancing mental health (Petersen et al. 2011; Chatterjee et al. 2014; Lorenzo et al. 2015).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Chatterjee et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Lorenzo et al. 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systems thinking approach can help capture these complexities and understand how to optimize community mental health systems (Peters, 2014).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peters, 2014
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In community mental health, robust referral pathways are an important piece of integration and working across stakeholders is necessary to ensure appropriate follow-up and service delivery for patients, not just within the health system, but also across other social sectors (Petersen et al. 2011; Lorenzo et al. 2015).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > The use of systems thinking tools in evaluation of interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Lorenzo et al. 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It needs an understanding of large-scale public sector involvement, interactions across key actors, mobilization of these actors, and monitoring and evaluation tools that capture the complex adaptive parts within the system as they shift and respond to scale-up toward a true community system (Hanlon et al. 2014; Schneider & Lehmann, 2016).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanlon et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Schneider & Lehmann, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some tools require the interpretation and training of health professionals to be appropriately and efficiently used, suggesting that not all technologies are readily transferable across health workforce cadres (Jotheeswaran et al. 2015; Robbins et al. 2015).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Barriers and facilitators of scaling up mental health care by the building blocks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jotheeswaran et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Robbins et al. 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It sometimes stems from physical, environmental, or sociocultural challenges and creates positive feedback loops that become difficult to break (Tomlinson et al. 2011; Thurman et al. 2014).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomlinson et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Thurman et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Existing models and formal arrangements of intersectoral collaboration require additional incentives and governmental support.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Barriers and facilitators of scaling up mental health care by the building blocks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Establishing networks and intersectoral linkages is not easy.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The barriers and facilitators outlined here showcase the complexity involved in task shifting for mental health and the need for a broader systems approach to mitigating barriers and leveraging facilitators.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Barriers and facilitators of scaling up mental health care by the building blocks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the nature of the search strategy, this review highlighted interventions that were conducted primarily in the health sector.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking a systems thinking approach to unpacking task-shifting interventions for mental health will unveil extant opportunities and threats in the current system.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overcoming stigma is therefore not necessarily limited to the role of the health sector; the education sector can play an important part in addressing stigma by talking about mental health and raising awareness.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of this review may include the wide variety of mental health interventions, populations studied, and outcome measures included, making it potentially difficult or inappropriate to apply this review's broader conclusions to unique mental health conditions.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With appropriate evidence describing the roles and contributions of diverse sectors to mental health outcomes, there is potential to facilitate strategic intersectoral investment for optimal health impact as well as cost-effectiveness.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A system-level understanding of interventions will allow for improved integration and effective engagement of important actors overlooked in the traditional model of implementation and evaluation.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stigma, for instance, is an often-cited barrier in mental health seeking behaviours and even in provision of mental health care (van Ginneken et al. 2013; Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015; Iheanacho et al. 2016; Weinmann & Koesters, 2016).”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Discussion > Implications for future research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Ginneken et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Nimgaonkar & Menon, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Iheanacho et al. 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Task shifting for mental health has been demonstrated as an acceptable and effective approach to addressing the mental health gap in LMICs.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Effective integration of mental health into primary care requires strengthened primary care systems.
“However, effective integration requires strengthened primary care systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Systems thinking contributes to documenting the system-wide impact of a given intervention, as well as enhancing the ability to predict both intended and unintended consequences of the intervention, critical in designing successful large-scale reform.
“Systems thinking contributes to documenting the system-wide impact of a given intervention, as well as enhancing the ability to predict both intended and unintended consequences of the intervention, critical in designing successful large-scale reform.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An important element of systems thinking is understanding roles, characteristics, and interactions of the players involved.
“An important element of systems thinking is understanding roles, characteristics, and interactions of the players involved.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More examples of intersectoral collaboration exist, especially in education and social services.
“More examples of such collaboration exist, especially in education and social services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Establishing networks and intersectoral linkages is not easy.
“Establishing networks and intersectoral linkages is not easy.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, these and other reviews (for example, see [23]) have not been explicitly situated in an implementation science framework, limiting the applicability of the results to other task-sharing interventions, models, or settings.”
From Barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-based task-sharing mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review using implementation science frameworks (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This is sometimes achieved by the use of “task-shifting” in which delivery of an EBP is accomplished by much lower level—and thus lower cost—staff members such as community health workers or peer coaches [29].”
From Implementation science issues in understanding, collecting, and using cost estimates: A multi-stakeholder perspective (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“247 participants (intervention n = 182; wait list controlled n = 165)”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
Reported 247 · recomputed 347
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Sixteen studies of the 25 (80%), considered the role of information and technology.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
Reported 80 · recomputed 64
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
“Three papers were pre/post- or prospective cohort studies”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results
“(Adam et al. 2012; Whiteford et al. 2013; Yaya Bocoum et al. 2013; Hung et al. 2014; Padilla et al. 2015).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Fifteen studies (70%) raised financing issues in task shifting for mental health”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
Reported 70 · recomputed 60
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Eleven studies (55%) considered the implications of the medicines and medical devices.”
§ Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence > Results > Intervention effects across the building blocks
Reported 55 · recomputed 44
Citations
Cites
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006 · cited 3×
“Three papers were pre/post- or prospective cohort studies (Adam et al. 2012; Whiteford et al. 2013; Yaya Bocoum et al. 2013; Hung et al. 2014; Padilla et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe World Health report 2006 1 : Working together for health 2
Guilbert, J.-J. (2006) · Education for Health · doi:10.1080/13576280600937911 · Cited by 2,652 · cited 1×
“Availability and scale-up of essential health services to achieve health system goals is often impeded by health workforce shortages (WHO, 2006).”
BackgroundMurray, C. J. L., Barber, R. M., Foreman, K. J., Özgören, A. A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J. P., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L. J., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61340-x · Cited by 1,966 · cited 9×
“(Continued) globalm entalhealth orphans, refugees and torture survivors (BakerHenningham et al. 2005; Neuner et al. 2008; Kumakech et al. 2009; Ali et al. 2010; Bolton et al. 2014; Murray et al. 2014; Larson-Stoa et al. 2015; Magidson et al. 2015; Murray et al. 2015b).”
InfluentialThe global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895 · cited 1×
“Recent estimates from the WHO Mental Health Surveys indicate an interquartile range of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence between 18.1% and 36.1% (Kessler et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, P. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., et al. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61414-7 · Cited by 1,655
Gene-Wide Analysis Detects Two New Susceptibility Genes for Alzheimer's Disease
Escott-Price, V., Bellenguez, C., Wang, L.-S., Choi, S.-H., Harold, D., Jones, L., Holmans, P., Gerrish, A., Vedernikov, A., Richards, A., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094661 · Cited by 1,398
Rahman, A., Malik, A., Sikander, S., Roberts, C., & Creed, F. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61400-2 · Cited by 993 · cited 2×
“Twelve papers were randomized controlled trials (Ali et al. 2003; Baker-Henningham et al. 2005; Rahman et al. 2008; Kumakech et al. 2009; Patel et al. 2010b, 2011; Tomlinson et al. 2011; Chatterjee et al. 2014; Pradeep et al. 2014; RotheramBorus et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodHuman resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action
Kakuma, R., Minas, H., van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M. R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J. E., Saxena, S., & Scheffler, R. M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61093-3 · Cited by 979 · cited 2×
“Recognizing task shifting as a system intervention for mental health In resource-poor settings, task shifting has been an effective approach to addressing health workforce challenges and strengthening systems for mental health (Eaton et al. 2011; Kakuma et al. 2011).”
BackgroundTreatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries
Patel, V., Araya, R., Chatterjee, S., Chisholm, D., Cohen, A., De Silva, M., Hosman, C., McGuire, H., Rojas, G., & van Ommeren, M. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61240-9 · Cited by 930 · cited 3×
“Global mental health has seen attention in academic circles through special series in The Lancet and PLoS, which highlight integration of mental health into primary care as a key strategy (Patel et al. 2007; Patel & Thornicroft, 2009).”
BackgroundPatel, V., Weiss, H. A., Chowdhary, N., Naik, S., Pednekar, S., Chatterjee, S., De Silva, M. J., Bhat, B., Araya, R., King, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61508-5 · Cited by 752 · cited 18×
“Was an adequate sensitivity analysis performed? global mental health included although two of these reported on the same randomized controlled trial on MANAS in India (Patel et al. 2010b, 2011), and three were based on different perspectives of the community mental health programme in Ghana (Agyapong et al. 2015a, b,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- 2007b, Joint WHO/OGAC Technical Consultation on Task Shifting: Key Elements of a Regulatory Framework in Support of In-country Implementation of Task Shifting
- 2007, Systems Support for Task-Shifting to Community Health Workers
- 2013, Joint Commitment to Harmonized Partners Action for Community Health Workers and Frontline Health Workers: Moving from Fragmentation to Synergy Toward Universal Health Coverage
- 1997, International Conference on Intersectoral Action for Health
- 2008, mhGAP Mental Health Gap Action Programme: Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders
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- Levin, 2015, Disease Control Priorities 3: Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders, 1
- 2010, Monitoring the Building Blocks of the Health System
- 2009, Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening
- 2009, Improving Health Systems and Services for Mental Health
- 2007a, Everybody's Business: Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes
- 2016, Critical Appraisal Skills Program: Making Sense of Evidence
- 2006, World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Siddiqi, N., Koyanagi, A., Siskind, D., Rosenbaum, S., Galletly, C., Allan, S., Caneo, C., Carney, R., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30132-4 · Cited by 1,531
Future Directions in Single-Session Youth Mental Health Interventions
Schleider, J. L., Dobias, M. L., Sung, J. Y., & Mullarkey, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1683852 · Cited by 335
Le, P. D., Eschliman, E. L., Grivel, M. M., Tang, J., Cho, Y. G., Yang, X., Tay, C., Li, T., Bass, J., & Yang, L. H. (2022) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-021-01179-z · Cited by 233
“Additionally, these and other reviews (for example, see [23]) have not been explicitly situated in an implementation science framework, limiting the applicability of the results to other task-sharing interventions, models, or settings.”
BackgroundMahmud, S. A. S., Hossain, S., Muyeed, A., Islam, M. M., & Mohsin, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07393 · Cited by 222
Global mental health and COVID-19
Kola, L. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30235-2 · Cited by 181
Mahmud, S. A. S., Mohsin, M., Dewan, M. N., & Muyeed, A. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-021-00116-9 · Cited by 211
“These types of studies are inevitable for supporting public health globally and reducing the knowledge gap in the care of mental health disorders (Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEisman, A. B., Quanbeck, A., Bounthavong, M., Panattoni, L., & Glasgow, R. E. (2021) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-021-01143-x · Cited by 126
“This is sometimes achieved by the use of “task-shifting” in which delivery of an EBP is accomplished by much lower level—and thus lower cost—staff members such as community health workers or peer coaches [29].”
BackgroundPsychological First Aid Training: A Scoping Review of Its Application, Outcomes and Implementation
Wang, L., Norman, I. J., Xiao, T., Li, Y., & Leamy, M. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094594 · Cited by 126
“The discussion of this review on solutions is in line with global discussions about the need to task-shift at least a portion of mental health care to non-specialists [70,71], and the integration of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) into disaster risk reduction efforts [72].”
BackgroundLi, J., Fan, Y., Zhong, H.-Q., Duan, X.-L., Chen, W., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-018-0259-2 · Cited by 98
Global Systematic Review of Common Mental Health Disorders in Adults Living with HIV
Hoare, J., Sevenoaks, T., Mtukushe, B., Williams, T., Heany, S. J., & Phillips, N. J. (2021) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-021-00583-w · Cited by 99
“Mental and physical health are interconnected, and early detection can lead to improved treatment outcomes and increase cost-effectiveness for the healthcare systems [170].”
BackgroundHeller, D. J., Kumar, A., Kishore, S. P., Horowitz, C. R., Joshi, R., & Vedanthan, R. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16545 · Cited by 98
Mutahi, J., Larsen, A., Cuijpers, P. J., Peterson, S., Unützer, J., McKay, M. M., John-Stewart, G. C., Jewell, T. E., Kinuthia, J., Gohar, F., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101289 · Cited by 97
Barriers and drivers to stakeholder engagement in global mental health projects
Murphy, J., Qureshi, O., Endale, T., Esponda, G. M., Pathare, S., Eaton, J., Silva, M. J. D., & Ryan, G. K. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-021-00458-y · Cited by 81
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and global mental health
Lange, K. W. (2021) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.004 · Cited by 96
Cohodes, E. M., Kribakaran, S., Odriozola, P., Bakirci, S., McCauley, S., Hodges, H. R., Sisk, L. M., Zacharek, S. J., & Gee, D. G. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22158 · Cited by 85
“Task-sharing or task-shifting is one such model recommended by theWorld Health Organization that has been highly effective among migrant and refugee communities in low-, middle-, and high-income countries (Javadi et al., 2017; Thornicroft & Tansella, 2013; WHO, 2010).”
BackgroundFuture Directions in Lay Health Worker Involvement in Children’s Mental Health Services in the U.S.
Barnett, M. L., Sanchez, B. E. L., Rosas, Y. G., & Broder‐Fingert, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1969655 · Cited by 71
“This example points to the necessity of moving beyond an intervention focused approach to a systems thinking approach when planning for the role of LHWs within children’s mental health services (Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAsrat, B., Schneider, M., Ambaw, F., & Lund, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.068 · Cited by 66
Kamvura, T. T., Dambi, J. M., Chiriseri, E., Turner, J., Verhey, R., & Chibanda, D. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00841-1 · Cited by 55
Lange, K. W. (2021) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2021.07.001 · Cited by 64
Mudiyanselage, K. W. W., De Santis, K. K., Jörg, F., Saleem, M., Stewart, R., Zeeb, H., & Busse, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17417-6 · Cited by 48
“Third, the types of intervention and control conditions differed regarding the use of digital technologies, the tasks of the non-specialists and the type of care [Additional file 6].”
BackgroundGreene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Khoshnood, K., Ventevogel, P., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0267-1 · Cited by 47
Appiah, B., Amponsah, I. K., Poudyal, A., et al. (2018) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2334-2 · Cited by 46
“The WHO Health Systems Framework has been used to investigate universal health coverage [20], vertical programs [21], and integration of mental health services in primary care [22].”
MethodOkumu, M., Nyoni, T., & Byansi, W. (2021) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1912137 · Cited by 44
“psychosocial interventions that leverage cultural strategies) (Javadi et al., 2017; Mutamba et al., 2013; Patel et al., 2018; Singla et al., 2017; Ssewamala et al., 2018).”
Malterud, K., Aamland, A., & Fosse, A. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2020.1714143 · Cited by 42
“infectious diseases [2,21], mental health problems [22]”
Triliva, S., Ntani, S., Giovazolias, T., Kafetsios, K. G., Axelsson, M., Bockting, C., Buysse, A., Desmet, M., Dewaele, A., Hannon, D., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00350-1 · Cited by 39
Chibanda, D., Abas, M., Musesengwa, R., Merritt, C., Sorsdahl, K. R., Mangezi, W. O., Bandawe, C., Cowan, F. M., Araya, R., Gomo, E., et al. (2020) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.32 · Cited by 34
“For instance, with the growing evidence of task-shifting approaches (Petersen et al., 2012; van Ginneken et al., 2013; Joshi et al., 2014; Nakimuli-Mpungu et al., 2015; Chibanda et al., 2016b; Javadi et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2017) AMARI could in the future contribute toward the development of culturally appropriate…”
BackgroundDistant mood monitoring for depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review
van der Watt, A. S. J., Odendaal, W., Louw, K.-A., & Seedat, S. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02782-y · Cited by 27
Donenberg, G. R., Cohen, M. H., Ingabire, C., Fabri, M. R., Emerson, E. M., Kendall, A. D., Remera, E., Manzi, O., & Nsanzimana, S. (2019) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002204 · Cited by 31
Perera, C., McBride, K. A., Travers, Á., Blum, P. T., Wiedemann, N., Dinesen, C., Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y., & Vallières, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256077 · Cited by 32
Bunn, M., Gonzalez, N., Falek, I., Weine, S. M., & Acri, M. C. (2021) · Intervention · doi:10.4103/intv.intv_47_20 · Cited by 30
“…traits, inter-personal skills and shared life experience, some of which were thought to facilitate greater integration, acceptability and trust with target populations (e.g. Huang et al., 2018; Javadi et al., 2017; Munodawafa et al., 2018; Padmanathan & De Silva, 2013; Verhey et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialJama, N. A., Nyembezi, A., Ngcobo, S., et al. (2024) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v16i1.4430 · Cited by 29
“30,32,33,34 For collaboration to be reciprocal, it requires a process where THPs and BHPs form partnerships which, at the very least, constitute an act of client referral between two practitioners.”
BackgroundMahmud, S. A. S., Mohsin, M., Dewan, M. N., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1136589/v1 · Cited by 29
Zhao, Y., Hagel, C., Tweheyo, R., Sirili, N. S., Gathara, D., & English, M. (2021) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-021-00637-5 · Cited by 24
“More recently it is embedded in care for non-communicable diseases [12], mental health [13] and children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS [14].”
BackgroundAre, A., Olisah, V., Bella-Awusah, T. T., & Ani, C. C. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2021.1891361 · Cited by 26
“Tasksifting involves the use of non-mental health professionals to deliver mental health interventions (Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundStrengthening mental health services in Sierra Leone: perspectives from within the health system
Fitts, J., Gegbe, F., Aber, M. S., Kaitibi, D. B., & Yokie, M. A. (2020) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa029 · Cited by 26
Future Directions in Single-Session Youth Mental Health InterventionsPreprint
Schleider, J. L., Dobias, M., Sung, J. Y., et al. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m247u · Cited by 20
(Mis)Information and Anxiety: Evidence from a Randomized COVID-19 Information Campaign
Sadish, D., Adhvaryu, A. R., & Nyshadham, A. (2021) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102699 · Cited by 21
“Phone calls designed specifically to task-shift mental health— provide mental health services through minimally trained persons— could be even more effective, consistent with existing evidence (Javadi et al., 2017; Kakuma et al., 2011).”
ResultMacDougall, A. G., Krupa, T. M., Lysaght, R. M., Mutiso, V., Casey, R., Ber, M. J. L., Ruhara, R. W., Price, E., Kidd, S. A., & Ndetei, D. M. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2021.1926725 · Cited by 21
“…the role of the peer-facilitator in a communitybased mental health intervention, in keeping with the broader recommended strategy of task shifting for addressing human resource shortages and strengthening mental health systems in low resource settings (Javadi et al., 2017; Kohrt et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChibanda, D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1564648 · Cited by 21
Validation of a brief screener for broad-spectrum mental and substance-use disorders in South Africa
Stockton, M. A., Mazinyo, E. W., Mlanjeni, L., Nogemane, K., Ngcelwane, N., Sweetland, A. C., Basaraba, C. N., Bezuidenhout, C., Sansbury, G. M., Lovero, K. L., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.89 · Cited by 22
Nhemachena, T., Späth, C., Arendse, K. D., Lebelo, K., Zokufa, N., Cassidy, T., Whitehouse, K., Keene, C., & Swartz, A. (2023) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01957-8 · Cited by 18
“Task-shifting in mental health has been found to be a feasible and effective strategy to rollout in resource-limited countries [34].”
Backgroundde Haan, M., van Eijk‐Hustings, Y., Bessems-Beks, M., et al. (2019) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.07.003 · Cited by 18
Leyenaar, J. K., Arakelyan, M., Acquilano, S. C., Gilbert, T., Craig, J. T., Lee, C. N., Kodak, S. G., Ignatova, E., Mudge, L. A., House, S. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.015 · Cited by 17
Filiatreau, L. M., Ebasone, P. V., Dzudié, A., Ajeh, R. A., Pence, B. W., Wainberg, M. L., Nash, D., Yotebieng, M., Anastos, K., Pefura-Yone, E. W., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03306-y · Cited by 19
“To narrow the mental health treatment gap, mental health care task-sharing, or shifting service delivery tasks from health professionals with specialized training to individuals with less specialized, but task-specific training is being scaled-up in numerous settings [22, 23].”
BackgroundBelay, Y. B., Engel, L., Lee, Y. Y., Le, N., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2023) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-023-01257-8 · Cited by 16
“One challenge to scale-up and implementation of task shifting is the lack of cost-effectiveness evidence to support decision making [57].”
BackgroundWoodward, A., Burchert, S., Barry, A. S., Broerse, J. E. W., Sondorp, E., Bold, A., Ruberl, A., Hessling, J. M., Knaevelsrud, C., Roberts, B., et al. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100231 · Cited by 16
“Stigma associated with mental illness and seeking MHPSS support is a well-known barrier to scaling up (Esponda et al., 2020; Javadi et al., 2017; Liem et al., 2021; Petersen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLange, B. C. L., Nelson, A. M., Lang, J. M., & Stirman, S. W. (2022) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00348-5 · Cited by 16
“This practice of task shifting is a common occurrence in the delivery of mental health services [75], and is particularly important as the need for mental health services outpaces the capacity of mental health professionals in many countries and communities.”
BackgroundSilaule, O., Casteleijn, D., Adams, F., & Nkosi, N. G. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/48587 · Cited by 17
“…ensure sustainability, training of peer facilitators to deliver these interventions may be realistic as this aligns with a task-shifting approach, which has long been advocated for as a cost-effective strategy for increasing access to mental health services in low-and middle-income countries [101].”
BackgroundBuitrago, D. C. C., Rattner, M., James, L. E., & García, J. F. B. (2024) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-23-00032 · Cited by 12
“22,54 62 – 64 As in many LMICs, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the accessibility of services in Colombia, and consequently, promotion of creative means to ensure equitable access, especially among vulnerable populations, is considered a critical component of ethical and feasible…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWoodward, A., Sondorp, E., Barry, A. S., Dieleman, M. A., Fuhr, D. C., Broerse, J. E. W., Akhtar, A., Awwad, M., Bawaneh, A., Bryant, R. A., et al. (2023) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czad003 · Cited by 16
“While the barriers are often at health system level, systems thinking to investigate scaling up is underutilized in tasksharing for mental health research (Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundWoodward, A., de Graaff, A. M., Dieleman, M. A., Roberts, B., Fuhr, D. C., Broerse, J. E. W., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P. J., Ventevogel, P., Gerretsen, B., et al. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100171 · Cited by 11
McLean, C. P., Miller, M. L., Gengler, R., Henderson, J., & Sloan, D. M. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.105990 · Cited by 10
Mutyambizi-Mafunda, V., MYERS, B. J., Sorsdahl, K. R., Lund, C., Naledi, T., & Cleary, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026973 · Cited by 10
Galvin, M., & Michel, G. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1737921 · Cited by 10
“…India, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Pakistan, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Indonesia, Iraq, Argentina, Botswana Jamaica, Ethiopia, Zambia, and Thailand – found almost all studies displayed positive findings on mental health using task shifting and only one study showed no effect (Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialWoodward, A., Dieleman, M. A., Sondorp, E., Roberts, B., Fuhr, D. C., Ventevogel, P., Sijbrandij, M., & Broerse, J. E. W. (2021) · Intervention · doi:10.4103/intv.intv_29_20 · Cited by 10
hAnrachtaigh, É. Ó., Brown, G. P., Beck, A. F., Conway, R., Jones, H. G., & Angelakis, I. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/5037662 · Cited by 15
“It involves the delegation of speci fi c service delivery tasks from individuals with professional quali fi cations to non-specialist providers (NSPs) with no formal quali fi cations or training in mental health care provision [23].”
BackgroundIbrahim, M., Malik, M. R., & Noor, Z. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.4 · Cited by 9
“…Somalia could be an ingredient for success and overcome the systemic challenges often faced by LMIC countries in implementing task-shifting model (Javadi et al., 2017) COVID-19 and its mental health consequences A worldwide global survey undertaken by WHO looking into the impact of COVID on…”
BackgroundTsai, L. C., Carlson, C., Baylosis, R., Hentschel, E., Nicholson, T., Eleccion, J., Ubaldo, J., Stanley, B., Brown, G. K., & Wainberg, M. L. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211062858 · Cited by 11
“One approach to delivering mental healthcare in lowresource contexts with growing evidence is task-shifting or task-sharing, a strategy in which non-mental health professionals are trained in evidence-based mental health interventions (Hoeft et al., 2018; Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTrang, D. T. H., Ha, B. T. T., Vui, L. T., Chi, N. T. Q., Le, T. M., Duong, D. T. T., Hung, D. T., de Chavez, A. C., Manzano, A., Lakin, K., et al. (2024) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czae027 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, mental and physical health are interconnected and, as such, the integration should require a move beyond a health system (Javadi et al ., 2017).”
BackgroundSchwartz, A., Davern, N., Herer, A., Urquilla, M. P., Corey, J., Muthuramalingam, D., & Vallabhaneni, N. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.70014 · Cited by 8
Knowledge gaps in implementing global mental health activities
Saxena, S., & Belkin, G. (2017) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2017.20 · Cited by 9
“The paper by Javadi et al. (2017) provides a critical review of the current literature on task-sharing for mental health.”
BackgroundThobane, K. F., Mulaudzi, F. M., Lavhelani, N. R., & Gundo, R. (2024) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2024.100761 · Cited by 8
Constructing a Nurse-led Cardiovascular Disease Intervention in Rural Ghana: A Qualitative Analysis
Wood, E. P., Garvey, K. L., Aborigo, R., Dambayi, E., Awuni, D., Squires, A. P., Jackson, E. F., Phillips, J. F., Oduro, A. R., & Heller, D. J. (2021) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.3379 · Cited by 7
A simulation–optimization framework for post-disaster allocation of mental health resources
Cunningham, S. L., Schuldt, S., Chini, C. M., & Delorit, J. D. (2021) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-21-3843-2021 · Cited by 9
Johnson, L. C. M., Thompson, N. J., Ali, M. K., Elifson, K. W., Chwastiak, L., Mohan, V., Anjana, R. M., Poongothai, S., & Tandon, N. (2022) · American Journal of Medicine Open · doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2022.100015 · Cited by 7
Friends’ Perspective: Young Adults’ Reaction to Disclosure of Chronic Illness
Igler, E. C., Austin, J. E., Sejkora, E. K. D., & Davies, W. H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-023-09956-2 · Cited by 6
“Further, there is growing support for use of hospital support staff or “lay healthcare workers” who receive training and supervision regarding specific psychological interventions for common mental health disorders (Javadi et al., 2017; Shahmalak et al., 2019).”
Ohta, R., Yawata, M., & Sano, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169944 · Cited by 7
“As present medical systems are complicated, medical professionals may be overwhelmed by clerical work, losing their identity and motivation [9,40].”
BackgroundYang, L. H., Bass, J. K., Le, P. D., Singh, R., Gurung, D., Velasco, P. R., Grivel, M. M., Susser, E., Cleland, C. M., Alvarado, R., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11783-6 · Cited by 7
Lakin, D. P., Murray, S. M., Lasater, M. E., Kaysen, D., Mataboro, A., Annan, J., Bolton, P., & Bass, J. K. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22734 · Cited by 6
She, X., Tong, L., Wang, H., Lan, L., Wang, M., Abbey, C., Singh, M. K., & Rozelle, S. (2023) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.08.004 · Cited by 5
“58 A recent review in pediatric mental health highlighted the limited evidence in LMICs, most of which supports positive youth development programs, but other interventions such as school-based mental health promotion, peer outreach, and digital interventions should be further explored.”
Universal mental health training for frontline professionals: evaluation of pilot trial in Ukraine
Горбунова, В., Klymchuk, V., Портницька, Н. Ф., Savychenko, О., Тичина, І. М., & Steffgen, G. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16941.2 · Cited by 12
“The task-shifting results in decreasing stigma, strengthening referral pathways and increasing universal health coverage with a focus on equity of service provision (Javadi et al ., 2017; McInnis & Merajver, 2011; Scantlebury et al ., 2018).”
Clergy-Provided Mental Health Services
Hooley, C., Wang, Y., & Hodge, D. R. (2021) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/23975 · Cited by 6
“Systematic reviews of behavioral health task-shifting have found the strategy to be both feasible and effective, resulting in improved behavioral health outcomes (Deimling Johns et al., 2018; Grant et al., 2018; Javadi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBarriers and Drivers to Stakeholder Engagement in Global Mental Health ProjectsPreprint
Murphy, J., Qureshi, O., Endale, T., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-85837/v1 · Cited by 5
Gamieldien, F., Galvaan, R., & Duncan, M. (2021) · South African Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.17159/2310-3833/2021/vol51n1a9 · Cited by 4
Khanthavudh, C., Grealish, A., Tzouvara, V., & Leamy, M. C. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70455 · Cited by 4
“At the system level, collaboration among key local actors, public sector partnerships and the use of monitoring tools are vital for effective implementation and sustained success [45, 46].”
Can anonymisation become disempowering? Rethinking ethics for low-risk global health research
Das, S., Mehendale, F. V., & Grant, L. (2025) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.15.03048 · Cited by 3
“TS /S reallocate responsibilities among existing providers to tackle workforce shortfalls and have been used across domains [ 6 ], including filling mental health care gaps in LMICs [ 7 ].”
James, L. E., Mejía, N. G., García, J. F. B., & Rattner, M. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.50 · Cited by 3
Jayasinghe, O. S., Hewamalage, A., Sikander, S., Rahman, A., & Sumathipala, A. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104234 · Cited by 3
Jayawickreme, N., Jayawickreme, E., McCaffrey, A. Z., & Thiruvarangan, M. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100465 · Cited by 5
Consumer and Family Perspectives to Achieve Mental Health Equity
McCray, C. I. (2020) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.06.003 · Cited by 3
Integrated mental health screening for obstetric fistula patients in Mali: From evidence to policy
Watt, M. H., Nguyen, T.-V., Touré, C., Traoré, D., Wesson, J., & Baumgartner, J. N. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238777 · Cited by 5
Patel, A., Jayawickreme, N., Visquerra, V., Dixon, K. E., & Patel, V. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104757 · Cited by 3
Psychological Governance and COVID-19: A Case Study in Macropsychology
McVeigh, J., & MacLachlan, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50176-1_14 · Cited by 2
A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Depression Collaborative Care: Subanalysis of Comorbid Anxiety
Choi, K. R., Sherbourne, C. D., Tang, L., Castillo, E. G., Dixon, E. L., Jones, A., Chung, B., Eisen, C., & Wells, K. B. (2018) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918800333 · Cited by 3
Looking at Global Mental Health Models to Prevent Youth Suicide in the United States
Vélez‐Grau, C., & Álvarez, K. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.07.022 · Cited by 3
Renwick, L., Susanti, H., Keliat, B. A., Wulandari, D., Suherman, S., Fadilah, R., Diorarta, R., Brooks, H. L., Bee, P., & Lovell, K. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100409 · Cited by 3
“…makers to service planners and managers, non-governmental organizations, service providers, traditional and spiritual leaders, and representatives of other community organisations will optimise the success of implementing interventions in wider contexts (Davies and Lund, 2017; Javadi et al., 2017).”
Yang, L. H., Bass, J. K., Le, P. D., Singh, R., Gurung, D., Velasco, P. R., Grivel, M. M., Susser, E., Cleland, C. M., Alvarado, R., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3877031/v1 · Cited by 2
New Frontiers in Mental Health
Metz, K. L., Figge, C. J., Alto, M. E., Kane, J. C., & Murray, L. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57296-9_145 · Cited by 2
Mental Health: The Need for Effective Policies
Jato, D. M., Hassan, H. K., & Asombang, M. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65179-3_19 · Cited by 1
Schwartz, A., Vallabhaneni, N., Davern, N., Herer, A., Urquilla, M. P., Corey, J., & Muthuramalingam, D. (2025) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2025.2501532 · Cited by 1
“Recent calls have been made to address mental health service gaps by recognizing the potential of nonprofessionals to effectively deliver mental health interventions (Byers et al., 2023; Javadi et al., 2017; Kazdin, 2019).”
Nganyu, G. N., Ndifon, F. T., & Musi, M. M. (2025) · Greener Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences · doi:10.15580/gjbhs.2025.1.052725098 · Cited by 1
Горбунова, В., & Klymchuk, V. (2026) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.20116.2 · Cited by 1
Improving Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Africa: A Review of the Economic Evidence
Tozan, Y., & Capasso, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83707-5_3 · Cited by 3
Zadey, S. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002017 · Cited by 1
Global and Socioeconomic Considerations in the Delivery of PE: The Role of Task Shifting
Booysen, D. D. (2024) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72720-7_5 · Cited by 1
Universal mental health training: policy proposal for Ukraine
Горбунова, В., & Klymchuk, V. (2025) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.20116.1 · Cited by 1
“…the WHO-endorsed task-shifting approach as a partial delegation of some mental health support tasks to trained non-mental health service providers (Javadi et al. , 2017), the UMHT equips frontline workers with basic skills to recognize when someone is experiencing a mental health issue, provides…”
Ulysses Syndrome and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Parmar, M. S. (2021) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001240 · Cited by 1
Dev, S. (2021) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20416628 · Cited by 1
Lessons from Research Innovations in Depression and HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Jopling, R., Yang, J. P., Meffert, S. M., Müller, M., Nyamayaro, P. C., & Abas, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70134-9_6-1
Zhao, Y., Hagel, C., Tweheyo, R., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-550274/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Javadi, D., Feldhaus, I., Mancuso, A., & Ghaffar, A.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Harvard University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Javadi, D.
- Venue
- Global Mental Health
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- e14-e14
- ISSN
- 2054-4251 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5719475
- OpenAlex
- W2739628147
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- University of Cambridge
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- task shifting, systems thinking, lay providers, community mental health system, mental health service delivery, low- and middle-income countries, systems strengthening, healthcare workers, stakeholder perspectives, unintended consequences, community building
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