The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Open accessAbstract
Aims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. Results - The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1–36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8–19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4–6.8% in half the countries, 2.3–3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8–1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Conclusions - Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives
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Anxiety disorders are frequent, with lifetime prevalence ranging between 5 and 25% and 12-month prevalence between 3.3 and 20.4% worldwide.
“Anxiety disorders are frequent (lifetime prevalence ranging between 5 and 25 % of the population, and a 12-month prevalence ranging between 3.3 and 20.4%, worldwide)(Kessler et al., 2009).”
From Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the World Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries (2018) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2009
The 'Disorder prevalence estimates in the WMH surveys' section says anxiety disorders are the most prevalent class of mental disorders and that estimates vary widely across countries. It reports averages and interquartile ranges, but not the claimed lifetime range of 5–25% or 12-month range of 3.3–20.4%; those precise bounds are not supported by the passages in our copy. Page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prevalence of depression and anxiety among individuals with upper motor neuron disorders is 23%-46%, considerably greater than the general population prevalence of about 12%.
“The prevalence of depression and anxiety among individuals with UMNDs (23%–46%) is considerably greater than the general population (~12%).27–34”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Mindfulness Training in People With Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Disorder Prevalence Estimates section (page unavailable) reports general-population lifetime prevalence of any mood disorder at about 12% and 12-month prevalence of any anxiety disorder at about 11%. It does not report a 23%–46% prevalence among people with upper motor neuron disorders or establish that comparison; its approximately 12% figure is not a combined estimate for depression and anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders across the world with median lifetime prevalence of 14.3% and 12-month prevalence of 8.3%.
“Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders across the world with median lifetime prevalence of 14.3% and 12-month prevalence of 8.3%.[1]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Internalizing disorders are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide.
“Internalizing disorders (IDs, e.g. generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; social anxiety disorder, SOC; major depressive disorder, MDD; posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide [1, 8–11]”
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“Recent estimates from the WHO Mental Health Surveys indicate an interquartile range of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence between 18.1% and 36.1% (Kessler et al. 2009).”
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- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Venue
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-33
- ISSN
- 1121-189X (ISSN-L)
- 2038-1816
- PMC
- PMC3039289
- OpenAlex
- W2098667423
- Cited by
- 1,895
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 38.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh070884-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH070884, U01MH060220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558, R01DA012058)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- prevalence of mental disorders, severe mental illness, role impairment, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, externalizing disorders
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Global Health, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Cost of Illness
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