Annual 14C Tree-Ring Data Around 400 AD: Mid- and High-Latitude Records
Open accessAbstract
Two tree-ring series, one from a high-latitude pine tree (located in northern Scandinavia) and one from a mid-latitude oak tree (located in eastern Germany) were analyzed for radiocarbon (14 C) at annual resolution. The new records cover the calendar date ranges 290–460 AD and 382–486 AD, respectively, overlapping by 79 yr. The series show similar trends as IntCal13. However, some significant deviations around 400 AD are present with lower Δ 14 C (higher 14 C ages). An average offset between the two new series and IntCal13 of about 20 years in conventional 14 C age is observed. A latitudinal 14 C offset between the tree sites in central and northern Europe, as would be expected due to the relatively large spatial distance, is not recorded, however. Periodic changes in the 14 C records are resolved that can be attributed to the “11-year” solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) with cycle length from 9 to 11 years. The magnitude of changes in Δ 14 C due to the solar cycle is between 1.5 and 3‰. Since solar cyclicity is only partially synchronous between the two new series, reasons for asynchronicity are explored.
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The Mediterranean cases reviewed suggest an AMS 14C-to-LLGPC difference of about half the larger level (or less), while other comparisons are mixed and some are close to zero.
“However, despite some data suggesting larger AMS 14C–to–LLGPC differences of around this level (10, 12, 13), the Mediterranean cases reviewed above only suggest a difference of about half this level (or less), other comparisons are mixed, and some are even close to zero (see above).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited paper supports the sentence’s point that AMS measurements can show a larger offset: General Trends and IntCal13 (p. 1310) reports differences of 22 and 23 radiocarbon years between its AMS tree-ring records and IntCal13. It does not identify those differences as a direct AMS-to-LLGPC comparison. The Mediterranean, mixed, and near-zero comparisons are not the part of the sentence to which this citation is attached. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnnual data for 290-486 AD (1660-1464 cal BP) have provided improved resolution of the IntCal raw data.
“Annual data for the period 290 -486 AD (1660 -1464 cal BP) (Friedrich et al. 2019) have also provided improved resolution of the IntCal raw data.”
From The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP) (2020) · cites this paper as Friedrich et al. 2019
In several instances including this one, detailed new measurements of time intervals with AMS 14C have indicated slightly older 14C ages.
“As noted, in several instances including this one, detailed new measurements of time intervals with AMS 14C have indicated slightly older 14C ages1,2,10,38,39,43–48.”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
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The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., et al. (2020) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.41 · Cited by 7,900 · see citing works
“Annual data for the period 290 – 486 AD (1660 – 1464 cal BP) (Friedrich et al. 2019) have also provided improved resolution of the IntCal raw data.”
BackgroundSelf-citationManning, S. W., Wacker, L., Büntgen, U., Bronk Ramsey, C., Dee, M. W., Kromer, B., Lorentzen, B., & Tegel, W. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69287-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory
Manning, S. W., Kromer, B., Cremaschi, M., Dee, M. W., Friedrich, R., Griggs, C., & Hadden, C. S. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1096 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Friedrich, R., Kromer, B., Sirocko, F., Esper, J., Lindauer, S., Nievergelt, D., Heussner, K. U., & Westphal, T.
- Affiliations
- Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry (DE)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (CH)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Friedrich, Ronny
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-04-30
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1305-1316
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2943552603
- Semantic Scholar
- 60d26ee60feef50ec625e0dbc832a3fb1593f132
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.dora.lib4ri.ch
- Licence
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- 11-year solar cycle, early Middle Ages, northern Scandinavia, Eastern Germany
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