IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP
Open accessAbstract
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14 C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/.
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A synthetic radiocarbon age of 2485±25 BP corresponds to ca. 586 calBC, with 95.4% confidence interval spanning >250 years (771-517 calBC) and 68.2% intervals ranging over 216 years (756-545 calBC).
“For example, S1 Fig displays the radiocarbon calibration curve of a synthetic radiocarbon age of 2485±25 Before Present (BP), which corresponds (by reverse calibration) to ca. 586 calibrated BC (calBC). The 95.4% confidence interval of the calibrated age spans over more than 250 years (771–517 calBC) and the 68.2% confidence intervals range over 216 years (756–545 calBC) [38, 39].”
From The Earth’s magnetic field in Jerusalem during the Babylonian destruction: A unique reference for field behavior and an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
The CALIBRATION section identifies IntCal13 as a curve used to calibrate radiocarbon ages, supporting the citation as a source for the curve. Our copy does not report the synthetic 2485±25 BP example, its ca. 586 calBC estimate, or the stated 95.4% and 68.2% intervals; searches for those values found no matching passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE took place in the middle of a period characterized by a plateau in the radiocarbon calibration curve, posing difficulty in obtaining uncertainty of less than 200 years in standard radiocarbon dating.
“From a chronological viewpoint the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE took place in the middle of a period characterized by a plateau in the radiocarbon calibration curve [38], posing difficulty in obtaining uncertainty of less than 200 years in standard radiocarbon dating.”
From The Earth’s magnetic field in Jerusalem during the Babylonian destruction: A unique reference for field behavior and an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
The Introduction explains why radiocarbon ages require calibration, and the Conclusions and Future Directions section identifies Figure 5 as showing the tree-ring portion of the IntCal13 curve from 0–14,000 cal BP, which includes 586 BCE. The text in our copy does not establish that 586 BCE falls in a plateau or substantiate the claimed difficulty of achieving uncertainty below 200 years with standard dating. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe placement shown in Fig. 1b is robust within about 1 year, pending revision of this whole period of the IntCal dataset.
“We therefore regard the placement shown in Fig. 1b as robust within about 1 year, pending revision of this whole period of the IntCal dataset (we note that this portion of IntCal20 remains largely based on legacy data from IntCal1327, and before).”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The citation is attached to the parenthetical about legacy data, not to the citing authors’ own estimate that their placement is robust within about one year. The Data Sets and Terrestrial ¹⁴C Archives sections show that IntCal13 incorporated data from earlier IntCal datasets. As a 2013 paper, however, it does not establish that IntCal20 remains largely based on those data. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt times when the positive Mediterranean growing season offset might be anticipated as possibly relevant, such as a major reversal and plateau in the 14C calibration curve ~1610 to 1530 BCE, the relevant information likely does not come from BCP or IrO or the current IntCal.
“Therefore, at times when the positive Mediterranean growing season offset might be anticipated as possibly relevant, such as a major reversal and plateau in the 14C calibration curve ~1610 to 1530 BCE (4), the relevant information likely does not come from BCP or IrO or the current IntCal.”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA single Northern Hemisphere 14C calibration curve (IntCal), constructed mainly from known-age wood from central and northern Europe and North America, has become the basis for calendar dates for pre- and protohistory and for other work requiring an accurate absolute time scale.
“Hence, a single NH 14C calibration curve (IntCal), constructed mainly from known-age wood from central and northern Europe and North America, has become the basis for calendar dates for pre- and protohistory and for other work requiring an accurate absolute time scale (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
We would have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO should be similar to the IntCal datasets and the Hd GeO data, given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP and between GeO and IrO.
“We would therefore have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO (13) should be similar to the IntCal datasets (1–4) and the Hd GeO data (38), given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP (40–42) and between GeO and IrO (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Data Sets section identifies this paper as presenting the IntCal13 calibration data, and Table 1 lists both German and Irish oak samples. The cited paper does not establish the specific good agreement between German oak (GeO) and Irish oak (IrO) that the sentence also attributes to citations 1–4. The expectation about the AA data is the citing authors’ own inference. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the younger sequence down to about 28 kvyr BP, offsets from the varve chronology were expected and resemble those for IntCal13.
“In the younger part of the sequence (down to about 28 kvyr BP in the varve chronology) the offsets were expected and are similar to those seen for IntCal13 (Reimer et al. 2013).”
From Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan (2020) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2013
The radiocarbon dates were calibrated with the IntCal13 curve using OxCal software (v.4.2).
“The radiocarbon dates were calibrated with the IntCal13 curve (39, 40) using OxCal software (v.4.2).”
From A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
A least-squares analysis of the Model 7b data versus IntCal13 achieved a best fit only 6 years different (older).
“we considered the Model 7b data via a least squares analysis versus IntCal13 [61] achieving a best fit only 6 years different (older).”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
After removing the 3 data more than 3σ from the mean IntCal13 values, a re-run was only 4 years different (older) than Model 8a.
“After removing the 3 data more than 3σ from the mean IntCal13 values, a re-run was only 4 years different (older) than Model 8a”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
The ‘IntCal13 and the Estimate of the Random Walk Variance’ section describes how the IntCal13 curve was constructed, but does not report this outlier-removal re-run. Searches for ‘Model 8a’ and the three-data, 3σ, four-year comparison found no passage addressing the claimed result; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMuch of the calibration curve record up until IntCal20 derives from laboratories using LLGPC or LSS, and except for ~1,700 to 1,500 BCE, most of the second to early first millennia BCE still does.
“Much of the calibration curve record up until IntCal20 derives from laboratories using LLGPC or LSS1,10,11,27,32, and, except for the period ~ 1,700 to 1,500 BCE, most of the second to early first millennia BCE still does1.”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The Terrestrial ¹⁴C Archives section and Table 1 describe tree-ring data included in IntCal13, including data spanning parts of the second millennium BCE. They do not identify which laboratories used LLGPC or LSS, establish that those methods account for most measurements, or describe an exception around 1700–1500 BCE. Searches for the method names and that date range did not resolve the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany AMS 14C measurement series do not exhibit an unexpected older offset versus comparable samples measured by LLGPC.
“many AMS 14C measurement series do not exhibit such an unexpected older offset versus comparable samples measured by LLGPC (4, 40–42)”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Terrestrial 14C Archives section discusses tree-ring measurements, and the Comparison to IntCal09 and Marine09 section discusses differences among calibration datasets; neither compares AMS series with LLGPC measurements. Searches for AMS, LLGPC, gas proportional counting, and laboratory offsets found no passage addressing the claimed absence of an older offset. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., & van der Plicht, J.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- English Heritage (GB)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (ES)
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (DE)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reimer, Paula J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1869-1887
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2146687568
- Semantic Scholar
- a765ee092121aadc1ecc0c36a3240f9e9ea178e8
- Cited by
- 14,591
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 213 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 468 · 2021: 1009 · 2020: 1711 · 2019: 1533 · 2018: 1449 · 2017: 1538 · 2016: 1306 · 2015: 1256 · 2014: 1122 · 2013: 972 · 2012: 772
- FWCI
- 539.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Past Global Changes
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/E019129/1, NRCF010002, NE/E018807/1, NE/F004400/1, NE/I01666X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Keywords
- radiocarbon calibration, calibration curve, tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, coral, foraminifera, random walks, calibration uncertainty, radiocarbon dating
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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