The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict
Open accessAbstract
Because they are chiefly domestic conflicts, civil wars have been studied primarily from a perspective stressing domestic factors. We ask, instead, whether (and how) the international system shapes civil wars; we find that it does shape the way in which they are fought—their “technology of rebellion.” After disaggregating civil wars into irregular wars (or insurgencies), conventional wars, and symmetric nonconventional wars, we report a striking decline of irregular wars following the end of the Cold War, a remarkable transformation of internal conflict. Our analysis brings the international system back into the study of internal conflict. It specifies the connection between system polarity and the Cold War on the one hand and domestic warfare on the other hand. It also demonstrates that irregular war is not the paradigmatic mode of civil war as widely believed, but rather is closely associated with the structural characteristics of the Cold War.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“At the same time, studies of the duration of civil war have paid insufficient attention to factors that are truly endogenous to the war itself (Kalyvas and Balcells 2010).”
From Dynamics and Logics of Civil War (2017) · cites this paper as Kalyvas and Balcells 2010
Citations
Cites
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
FEARON, J. D., & LAITIN, D. D. (2003) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055403000534 · Cited by 7,366
Greed and grievance in civil war
Collier, P. D. (2004) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064 · Cited by 6,295
Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration
Sachs, J. D., Warner, A., Aslund, A., & Fischer, S. (1995) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.2307/2534573 · Cited by 4,950
Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America
Przeworski, A. (1991) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172493 · Cited by 3,494
The Logic of Violence in Civil War
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818462 · Cited by 3,488
Self-citationThe bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2714 · Cited by 3,032
Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy: (504012013-001)
Collier, P., Elliot, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e504012013-001 · Cited by 2,431
The Logic of Violence in Civil War
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818462.001 · Cited by 2,406
Self-citationDemocracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America
Chakravarty, S. P., & Przeworski, A. (1992) · Bulletin of Latin American Research · doi:10.2307/3338135 · Cited by 2,183
New and old wars: organized violence in a global era
Lopes, L. A. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-6532 · Cited by 2,096
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Yengo, 2006, La guerre civile du Congo-Brazzaville 1993–2002
- Hobsbawm, 1996, The Age of the Extremes: A History of the Third World, 1914–1991
- Berschinski, 2007, Back from Battle: Student Veterans’ Perspectives on the Iraq War, Yale Journal of International Affairs, 2, 134
- Laidi, 1994, Rethinking Post−Cold War, Economic and Political Weekly, 29, 2067
- Hale, 1997, After the Cold War: Security and Democracy in Africa and Asia, 1
- Brown, 1996, The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, 1
- 2008, SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security
- Findlay, 1996, The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, 173
- 2007, World Development Indicators 2006
- 2005, Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century
- Chernick, 1996, The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, 267
- Kaplan, 1994, The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, and Disease Are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of Our Planet, Atlantic Monthly, 273, 44
- Stedman, 1996, The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, 235
- Olson, 1989, Guerrilla Warfare and Counterinsurgency. U.S.–Soviet Policy in the Third World, 13
- 1998, Study on Governance in Gedo Region
- Schmitt, 1963, Theory of the Partisan
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Boix, C., & Svolik, M. W. (2013) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381613000029 · Cited by 1,059
Democracy, Development, and the International System
Boix, C. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000402 · Cited by 529
Civil War as State-Making: Strategic Governance in Civil War
Stewart, M. A. (2017) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818317000418 · Cited by 423
Sanín, F. G., & Wood, E. J. (2014) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343313514073 · Cited by 378
Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War: BOMBING AND COUNTERINSURGENCY IN VIETNAM
Kocher, M. A., Pepinsky, T. B., & Kalyvas, S. N. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x · Cited by 375
Self-citationRivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars1
Balcells, L. (2010) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x · Cited by 361
Self-citationExternal Rebel Sponsorship and Civilian Abuse: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Wartime Atrocities
Salehyan, I., Siroky, D. S., & Wood, R. M. (2014) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s002081831400006x · Cited by 297
Martin-Shields, C. P., & Stojetz, W. (2019) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.011 · Cited by 302
Fighting and Voting: Violent Conflict and Electoral Politics
Dunning, T. (2011) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002711400861 · Cited by 291
Ethnicity, the State, and the Duration of Civil War
Wucherpfennig, J., Metternich, N. W., Cederman, L.-E., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2012) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s004388711100030x · Cited by 284
Johnston, P. B. (2012) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec_a_00076 · Cited by 281
Marinov, N., & Goemans, H. E. (2013) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123413000264 · Cited by 282
Hegre, H. (2014) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343313512852 · Cited by 297
Terrorism and Civil War: A Spatial and Temporal Approach to a Conceptual Problem
Findley, M. G., & Young, J. K. (2012) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592712000679 · Cited by 254
What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11
Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20181444 · Cited by 258
Jentzsch, C., Kalyvas, S. N., & Schubiger, L. I. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715576753 · Cited by 239
Self-citationSanín, F. A. G., & Wood, E. J. (2017) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592716004114 · Cited by 247
Arjona, A. (2014) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002714547904 · Cited by 243
Armed intervention and civilian victimization in intrastate conflicts
Wood, R. M., Kathman, J. D., & Gent, S. E. (2012) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343312449032 · Cited by 233
How Civil Wars Help Explain Organized Crime—and How They Do Not
Kalyvas, S. N. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715587101 · Cited by 223
Self-citationTrejo, G., & Ley, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894807 · Cited by 233
Monteiro, N. P. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107449350 · Cited by 214
Dynamics and Logics of Civil War
Cederman, L.-E., & Vogt, M. (2017) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002717721385 · Cited by 214
Does Warfare Matter? Severity, Duration, and Outcomes of Civil Wars
Balcells, L., & Kalyvas, S. N. (2014) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002714547903 · Cited by 205
Self-citationCities, Redistribution, and Authoritarian Regime Survival
Wallace, J. (2011) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381613000340 · Cited by 195
Divide and Conquer or Divide and Concede: How Do States Respond to Internally Divided Separatists?
Cunningham, K. G. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000013 · Cited by 201
Wood, R. M., & Thomas, J. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343316675025 · Cited by 181
The Wartime Origins of Democratization: Civil War, Rebel Governance, and Political Regimes
Huang, R. (2016) · Cited by 181
Dying to win: Elections, political violence, and institutional decay in Kenya
Mueller, S. D. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary African Studies · doi:10.1080/02589001.2011.537056 · Cited by 178
The Dynamics of Violence in Vietnam: An Analysis of the Hamlet Evaluation System (HES)
Kalyvas, S. N., & Kocher, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343309102656 · Cited by 171
Self-citationMembership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood
Fazal, T. M., & Griffiths, R. D. (2014) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1111/misr.12099 · Cited by 154
Rumors, Kinship Networks, and Rebel Group Formation
Larson, J., & Lewis, J. I. (2018) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818318000243 · Cited by 153
The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in DictatorshipsPreprint
Boix, C., & Svolik, M. W. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1352065 · Cited by 148
How Civil Wars End: The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors
Howard, L. M., & Stark, A. (2018) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec_a_00305 · Cited by 150
Green, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343316653645 · Cited by 156
Worlds Apart: Conflict Exposure and Preferences for Peace
Tellez, J. (2018) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002718775825 · Cited by 143
Diffusion patterns of violence in civil wars
Schutte, S., & Weidmann, N. B. (2011) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.03.005 · Cited by 146
Maynard, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343319826629 · Cited by 140
Resource concentration and civil wars
Morelli, M., & Rohner, D. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.06.003 · Cited by 143
The microfoundations of diaspora politics: unpacking the state and disaggregating the diaspora
Alonso, A. D., & Mylonas, H. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2017.1409160 · Cited by 145
Bridging Micro and Macro Approaches on Civil Wars and Political Violence
Balcells, L., & Justino, P. (2014) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002714547905 · Cited by 136
Self-citationHow the Public Defines Terrorism
Huff, C., & Kertzer, J. D. (2018) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12329 · Cited by 173
Wood, R. M. (2013) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894213510122 · Cited by 138
Transnational dynamics of civil war*
Checkel, J. T. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139179089.003 · Cited by 126
Warfare, political identities, and displacement in Spain and Colombia
Balcells, L., & Steele, A. (2015) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.11.007 · Cited by 128
Self-citationHoward, L. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108557689 · Cited by 124
Religion, Nationalism, and Violence: An Integrated Approach
Gorski, P. S., & Türkmen, G. (2013) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145641 · Cited by 124
Violence and War in Agrarian Perspective
Cramer, C., & Richards, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Agrarian Change · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00312.x · Cited by 121
Reading Between the Lines: Prediction of Political Violence Using Newspaper Text
Mueller, H., & Rauh, C. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055417000570 · Cited by 134
Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide
Balcells, L., & Stanton, J. A. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229 · Cited by 141
Self-citationGohdes, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343314551398 · Cited by 118
How Does Ethnic Rebellion Start?
Lewis, J. I. (2016) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414016672235 · Cited by 119
Costalli, S. (2013) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123412000634 · Cited by 116
True Believers, Deserters, and Traitors
Oppenheim, B., Steele, A., Vargas, J. F., & WEINTRAUB, M. I. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715576750 · Cited by 111
Chaudoin, S., Milner, H. V., & Pang, X. (2014) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818314000356 · Cited by 115
Competitive Intervention, Protracted Conflict, and the Global Prevalence of Civil War
Anderson, N. (2019) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqz037 · Cited by 117
Auxiliary Force Structure: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias
Böhmelt, T., & Clayton, G. (2017) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414017699204 · Cited by 113
Walter, B. F. (2017) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093921 · Cited by 117
Explaining Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars: A Cross-National Analysis
Lichtenheld, A. (2020) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818320000089 · Cited by 111
Berman, E., & Matanock, A. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553 · Cited by 107
Continuation of Politics by Two Means: Direct and Indirect Violence in Civil War
Balcells, L. (2011) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002711400865 · Cited by 107
Self-citationStanton, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002715576751 · Cited by 108
How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond
Lewis, J. I. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108855969 · Cited by 98
Lake, M. (2017) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s002081831700008x · Cited by 104
De Facto States in International Politics (1945–2011): A New Data Set
Florea, A. (2014) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2014.915543 · Cited by 109
Voting for Militants: Rebel Elections in Civil War
Cunningham, K. G., Huang, R., & Sawyer, K. (2020) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002720937750 · Cited by 98
Singh, P., & Hau, M. V. (2016) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414016633231 · Cited by 90
Hallward, M. C., Juan Masullo, J., & Mouly, C. (2017) · Journal of Peacebuilding & Development · doi:10.1080/15423166.2017.1376431 · Cited by 86
de Mesquita, E. B. (2013) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/670137 · Cited by 94
Practical Ideology in Militant Organizations
Parkinson, S. (2020) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887120000180 · Cited by 80
Armed politics and the study of intrastate conflict
Staniland, P. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317698848 · Cited by 93
The conditional impact of military intervention on internal armed conflict outcomes
Sullivan, P. L., & Karreth, J. (2014) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894214526540 · Cited by 83
State Violence and Wartime Civilian Agency: Evidence from Peru
Schubiger, L. I. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/711720 · Cited by 81
From victorious rebels to strong authoritarian parties: prospects for post-war democratization
Lyons, T. P. (2016) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2016.1168404 · Cited by 91
Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law
Stanton, J. A. (2016) · Cited by 81
Introducing the Targeted Mass Killing Data Set for the Study and Forecasting of Mass Atrocities
Butcher, C. R., Goldsmith, B. E., Nanlohy, S., Sowmya, A., & Muchlinski, D. (2020) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002719896405 · Cited by 76
Civilian Contention in Civil War: How Ideational Factors Shape Community Responses to Armed Groups
Juan Masullo, J. (2020) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414020912285 · Cited by 80
Is There More Violence in the Middle?
Jones, Z. M., & Lupu, Y. (2018) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12373 · Cited by 74
Political hierarchies and landscapes of conflict across Africa
Raleigh, C. (2014) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.07.002 · Cited by 75
Civilians, Control, and Collaboration During Civil Conflict
Condra, L. N., & Wright, A. L. (2019) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqz042 · Cited by 74
Loyle, C. E., & Binningsbø, H. M. (2016) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716655441 · Cited by 74
Foreign Influence and Domestic Policy
Aidt, T. S., Facundo Albornoz, A., & Hauk, E. (2019) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20201481 · Cited by 81
What is rebel governance? Introducing a new dataset on rebel institutions, 1945–2012
Albert, K. E. (2022) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433211051848 · Cited by 91
Political party formation by former armed opposition groups after civil war
Manning, C. L., & Smith, I. (2016) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2016.1159556 · Cited by 72
Intrastate peace agreements and the durability of peace
Badran, R. (2013) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894213501133 · Cited by 65
Walch, C. (2018) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12309 · Cited by 73
When political instability devaluates home-host ties
Witte, C., Burger, M., & Pennings, E. (2020) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101077 · Cited by 64
Bara, C. (2014) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343314534458 · Cited by 56
The economic costs of civil war
Costalli, S., Moretti, L., & Pischedda, C. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343316675200 · Cited by 69
Secession and the invisible hand of the international system
Griffiths, R. D. (2014) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s0260210513000351 · Cited by 63
Compliant Rebels: Rebel Groups and International Law in World Politics
Jo, H. (2015) · Cited by 62
Local elites, civil resistance, and the responsiveness of rebel governance in Côte d’Ivoire
van Baalen, S. (2021) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343320965675 · Cited by 62
Violence Against Civilians: A Disaggregated Analysis
Raleigh, C. (2012) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2012.697049 · Cited by 67
Deals with the Devil? Conflict Amnesties, Civil War, and Sustainable Peace
Dancy, G. (2017) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818318000012 · Cited by 63
The Intractability of Islamist Insurgencies: Islamist Rebels and the Recurrence of Civil War
Nilsson, D., & Svensson, I. (2021) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqab064 · Cited by 65
Vote choice and legacies of violence: evidence from the 2014 Colombian presidential elections
WEINTRAUB, M. I., Vargas, J. F., & Flores, T. E. (2015) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168015573348 · Cited by 63
Repression in the Digital Age: Surveillance, Censorship, and the Dynamics of State Violence
Gohdes, A. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197743577.001.0001 · Cited by 59
Compliance vs. constraints: A theory of rebel targeting in civil war
la Calle, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343316686823 · Cited by 57
Arms for education? External support and rebel social services
Huang, R., & Sullivan, P. L. (2020) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343320940749 · Cited by 65
Rebel Governance During the Greek Civil War, 1942–1949
Kalyvas, S. N. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316182468.006 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- KALYVAS, S. N., & BALCELLS, L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- KALYVAS, STATHIS N.
- BALCELLS, LAIA
- Venue
- American Political Science Review
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 415-429
- ISSN
- 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5943
- OpenAlex
- W2125711184
- Cited by
- 858
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 87.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- American Political Science Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Military History and Strategy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
- Keywords
- civil war, international system, end of the Cold War, irregular warfare, insurgency, conventional war, domestic conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review