Gold kiwifruit consumed with an iron-fortified breakfast cereal meal improves iron status in women with low iron stores: A 16-week randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Ascorbic acid, and more recently, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin have been shown to enhance Fe absorption. However, it is not clear whether Fe status improves when foods high in ascorbic acid and carotenoids are consumed with Fe-fortified meals. The present study aimed to investigate whether consuming high v. low ascorbic acid-, lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich fruit (gold kiwifruit v. banana) with Fe-fortified breakfast cereal and milk improved Fe status in women with low Fe stores. Healthy women aged 18-44 years (n 89) with low Fe stores (serum ferritin ≤ 25 μg/l and Hb ≥ 115 g/l) were randomly stratified to receive Fe-fortified breakfast cereal (16 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate), milk and either two gold kiwifruit or one banana (164 mg v. not detectable ascorbic acid; 526 v. 22·90 μg lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively) at breakfast every day for 16 weeks. Biomarkers of Fe status and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and end in the final sample (n 69). Median serum ferritin increased significantly in the kiwifruit group (n 33) compared with the banana group (n 36), with 10·0 (25th, 75th percentiles 3·0, 17·5) v. 1·0 (25th, 75th percentiles - 2·8, 6·5) μg/l (P < 0·001). Median soluble transferrin receptor concentrations decreased significantly in the kiwifruit group compared with the banana group, with - 0·5 (25th, 75th percentiles - 0·7, - 0·1) v. 0·0 (25th, 75th percentiles - 0·3, 0·4) mg/l (P = 0·001). Consumption of an Fe-fortified breakfast cereal with kiwifruit compared with banana improved Fe status. Addition of an ascorbic acid-, lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich fruit to a breakfast cereal fortified with ferrous sulfate is a feasible approach to improve Fe status in women with low Fe stores.
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Regular consumption of kiwifruit significantly increases plasma vitamin C, vitamin E, and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations.
“Regular consumption of kiwifruit has been found to significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increase plasma vitamin C [74] vitamin E [71] and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations [71,74].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
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Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes
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“05) increase plasma vitamin C [74] vitamin E [71] and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations [71,74].”
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- Authors
- Beck, K., Conlon, C. A., Kruger, R., Coad, J., & Stonehouse, W.
- Affiliations
- Massey University (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Beck, Kathryn
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-08-23
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-109
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2106625771
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- New Horizons for Women Trust
- Massey University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
- Keywords
- gold kiwifruit, iron status, iron fortification, breakfast cereals, vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, ferrous sulfate, banana, dietary iron bioavailability, iron deficiency, iron status biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Carotenoids, Edible Grain, Female, Ferritins, Ferrous Compounds, Food, Fortified, Fruit, Humans, Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts, Receptors, Transferrin, Biomarkers, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Iron, Dietary, Musa, Actinidia, Young Adult
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