The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores

In the citing paper

“Benefits have been reported in men and women, although the majority of studies have been conducted on men and some studies suggest that women may not see as much gain in strength and/or muscle mass during training in response to creatine supplementation”

In the citing paper

“Ergogenic benefits have been reported in men and women from children to elderly populations, although the majority of studies have been conducted on men [74,111,113,124,125,126,127,128].”

In the citing paper

“Vegetarians have been reported to have lower intramuscular creatine stores (90–110 mmol/kg of dry muscle) and therefore may observe greater gains in muscle creatine content from creatine supplementation”

In the citing paper

“enhance cognitive function particularly in older populations [3,27,28,69,94,127,131,159,163,164,165,166,167,168];”

In the citing paper

“Several studies have found that creatine supplementation attenuates mental fatigue [27,28,127] and/or can improve cognition, executive function, and/or memory [28,94,127,168,177,179].”

In the citing paper

“While more research is needed and not all studies show benefit [127,167], it can be reasonably concluded based on current scientific evidence that creatine supplementation may increase brain creatine content and/or support cognitive function, particularly as one ages.”

In the citing paper

“Another study comparing memory improvement under creatine supplementation in omnivores and vegetarians found that creatine supplementation benefited memory only for vegetarians but not omnivores [23].”

In the citing paper

“Our negative finding for the verbal fluency task is in line with the only other study using the same task [23].”

In the citing paper

“Risk of bias was scored as high in 6 RCTs because information about how randomization was applied was lacking.22,24,25,27,28,30”

In the citing paper

“In 4 RCTs, some concerns were raised because of the absence of detail regarding treatment allocation.22,24,30,34”

In the citing paper

“In 1 RCT, some concern was recorded because the number of participants who dropped out and the reasons for withdrawing were poorly defined.24”

In the citing paper

“In a direct comparison of omnivores and vegetarians, Benton and Donohoe24 found better memory following creatine supplementation (20 g/d for 5 days) in vegetarians compared with meat eaters.”

In the citing paper

“Finally, 8 RCTs had a study protocol that was not prespecified, resulting in some concerns.22,24,25,27,28,30,34,36”

In the citing paper

“Furthermore, most of the included studies did not assess creatine intake from dietary consumption, which may have altered the findings.24”

In the citing paper

“A previous RCT found that word recall response declined following creatine supplementation (20 g/d of creatine for 5 days) in meat-eaters compared with vegan and vegetarian participants, and post-supplementation comparisons revealed a significantly greater memory in vegetarians compared with omnivores.24”