Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate
Abstract
The effect of oral creatine supplementation on brain metabolite concentrations was investigated in gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, and thalamus of healthy young volunteers by means of quantitative localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo (2.0 T, stimulated echo acquisition mode sequence; repetition time = 6,000 ms, echo time = 20 ms, middle interval = 10 ms, automated spectral evaluation). Oral consumption of 4 × 5 g creatine-monohydrate/day for 4 wk yielded a statistically significant increase (8.7% corresponding to 0.6 mM, P < 0.001) of the mean concentration of total creatine (tCr) when averaged across brain regions and subjects ( n = 6). The data revealed considerable intersubject variability (3.5–13.3%), with the smallest increases observed for the two male volunteers with the largest body weights. A regional analysis resulted in significant increases of tCr in gray matter (4.7%), white matter (11.5%), and cerebellum (5.4%) and was most pronounced in thalamus (14.6% corresponding to 1.0 mM). Other findings were significant decreases of N-acetyl-containing compounds in cerebellum and thalamus as well as of choline-containing compounds in thalamus. All cerebral metabolic alterations caused by oral Cr were reversible, as evidenced by control measurements at least 3 mo after the diet. This work demonstrates that excess consumption of Cr yields regionally dependent increases of the tCr concentration in human brain over periods of several weeks.
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A number of studies have shown that creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine content generally by 5-15%.
“Finally, a number of studies have shown that creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine content generally by 5 – 15% [218–220].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [218]
Creatine supplementation increases brain creatine content and the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP in humans.
“Creatine supplementation increases brain creatine content and the ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP.4,5”
From Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Higher doses of creatine supplementation may not be required to optimize brain creatine content and ATP (re)synthesis by mitochondrial creatine kinases.
“As such, higher doses of creatine supplementation may not be required to optimize brain creatine content4,5 and ATP (re)synthesis by mitochondrial creatine kinases.46”
From Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Dechent, P., Pouwels, P. J. W., Wilken, B., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1999-09-01
- Volume
- 277
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R698-R704
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2139463702
- Semantic Scholar
- 003706525d905e44e3829feebb7f2f8bf0f758c4
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, creatine monohydrate, total creatine, brain metabolites, regional brain differences, gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, thalamus, choline-containing compounds, body weight
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Brain, Creatine, Diet, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male
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