Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Pregnancy is associated with a reduction in maternal serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) percentage and its possible depletion in the maternal store. Since the synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in the fetus and placenta is low, both the maternal LCPUFA status and placental function are critical for their supply to the fetus. Maternal supplementation with DHA up to 1 g/d or 2·7 g n-3 LCPUFA did not have any harmful effect. DHA supplementation in large studies slightly the enhanced length of gestation (by about 2 days), which may increase the birth weight by about 50 g at delivery. However no advice can be given on their general using to avoid preterm deliveries in low or high risk pregnancies. Several studies, but not all, reported improvements of the offspring in some neurodevelopmental tests as a result of DHA supplementation during gestation, or, at least, positive relationships between maternal or cord serum DHA percentages and cognitive skills in young children. The effect seems more evident in children with low DHA proportions, which raises the question of how to identify those mothers who might have a poor DHA status and who could benefit from such supplementation. Most studies on the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression were judged to be of low-to-moderate quality, mainly due to small sample sizes and failure to adhere to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. In contrast, the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on reducing allergic diseases in offspring are promising.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is growing evidence that n-3 LCPUFA can improve pregnancy outcomes, such as gestation duration, and they are believed to increase infant growth and enhance short- and long-term development of the offspring.
“More recently interest in the role of n-3 LCPUFA during early life has increased as there is growing evidence that they can improve pregnancy outcomes, such as gestation duration, and because they are also believed to increase infant growth and enhance short- and long-term development of the offspring [129].”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [129]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hibbeln, J. R., Davis, J. M., Steer, C., Emmett, P., Rogers, I., Williams, C., & Golding, J. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60277-3 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., & Drevon, C. A. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.e39 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements
Clandinin, M. T., Chappell, J. E., Leong, S. F., Heim, T. F., Swyer, P. R., & CHANCE, G. W. (1980) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(80)90015-8 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy
Colombo, J. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.337 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Yelland, L., Quinlivan, J., Ryan, P., & DOMInO Investigative Team, A. T. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1507 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Dunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Barden, A. E., Beilin, L. J., Taylor, A. L., Holt, P. G., & Prescott, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.009 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Maternal Fish Consumption, Hair Mercury, and Infant Cognition in a U.S. Cohort
Oken, E., Wright, R. O., KLEINMAN, K. P., et al. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8041 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration
Olsen, S. F., Sørensen, J. D., Secher, N. J., Hedegaard, M. S., Henriksen, T. B., Hansen, H. S., & GRANT, A. M. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90533-9 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women
Koletzko, B., Cetin, I., Brenna, J. T., & for the Perinatal Lipid Intake Working Group (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507764747 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citationLong chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term
Jasani, B., Simmer, K. N., Patole, S., & Rao, S. C. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000376.pub4 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Al, M. D. M., van Houwelingen, A. C., Kester, A. D. M., Hasaart, T. H. M., Jong, A. E. P. D., & Hornstra, G. (1995) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19950106 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Olsen, S. F. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7335.447 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies
Olsen, S. F., Secher, N. J., Tabor, A., Weber, T., Walker, J. J., & Gluud, C. N. (2000) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13235.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Helland, I. B., Saugstad, O. D., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Solvoll, K., Ganes, T., & Drevon, C. A. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.5.e82 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants
Moon, K., Rao, S. C., Schulzke, S. M., Patole, S., & Simmer, K. N. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000375.pub5 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dunstan, J. A., Simmer, K., Dixon, G., & Prescott, S. L. (2008) · Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition · doi:10.1136/adc.2006.099085 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Su, K.-P., Huang, S.-Y., Chiu, T.-H., Huang, K.-C., Huang, C.-L., Chang, H.-C., & Pariante, C. M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0418 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Makrides, M., Duley, L., & Olsen, S. F. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003402.pub2 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Maternal DHA and the Development of Attention in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Colombo, J. A., Kannass, K. N., Shaddy, D. J., Kundurthi, S., Maikranz, J. M., Anderson, C. J., Blaga, O. M., & Carlson, S. E. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00737.x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Fatty acid utilization in perinatal de novo synthesis of tissues
Clandinin, M. T., Chappell, J. E., Heim, T. F., Swyer, P. R., & CHANCE, G. W. (1981) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(81)90016-5 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy
Furuhjelm, C., Warstedt, K., Larsson, J., Fredriksson, M. G., Böttcher, M. F., Fälth‐Magnusson, K., & Duchén, K. (2009) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01355.x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Szajewska, H., Horvath, A., & Koletzko, B. V. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1337 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationA Randomized Trial of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Smuts, C. M., Huang, M., Mundy, D., Plasse, T., Major, S., & Carlson, S. E. (2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02585-1 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Judge, M. P., Harel, O., & Lammi-Keefe, C. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1572 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Olsen, S. F., Østerdal, M. L., Salvig, J. D., Mortensen, L. M., Rytter, D., Secher, N. J., & Henriksen, T. B. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.167 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Essential n−3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants
Innis, S. M., & Friesen, R. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.3.548 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Blomén, B., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., & Drevon, C. A. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2762 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy
Haggarty, P. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602016 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Boyd, E. M. (1934) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci100590 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Krauss‐Etschmann, S., Shadid, R., Campoy, C., Hoster, E., Demmelmair, H., Jiménez, M., Gil, Á., Rivero, M., Veszprémi, B., Décsi, T., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1392 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationDunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Barden, A. E., Beilin, L. J., Taylor, A. L., Holt, P. G., & Prescott, S. L. (2003) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01590.x · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Randomized dose‐ranging pilot trial of omega‐3 fatty acids for postpartum depression
Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J. R., Wisner, K. L., Brumbach, B. H., Watchman, M., & Gelenberg, A. J. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00660.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Ramakrishnan, U., Stein, A. D., Parra‐Cabrera, S., Wang, M., Imhoff‐Kunsch, B., Juárez-Márquez, S., Rivera, J. Á., & Martorell, R. (2010) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/15648265100312s203 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Freeman, M. P., Davis, M., Sinha, P., Wisner, K. L., Hibbeln, J. R., & Gelenberg, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.228 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Jacobson, J. L., Jacobson, S. W., Muckle, G., Kaplan‐Estrin, M., Ayotte, P., & Dewailly, É. (2007) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.07.008 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Oken, E., Østerdal, M. L., Gillman, M. W., Knudsen, V. K., Halldorsson, T. I., Strøm, M., Bellinger, D. C., Hadders‐Algra, M., Michaelsen, K. F., & Olsen, S. F. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.3.789 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome
Al, M. D. M., van Houwelingen, A. C., & Hornstra, G. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.285s · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid transport across the perfused human placenta.
Haggarty, P., Page, K., Abramovich, D., Ashton, J., & Brown, D. (1997) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90004-7 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Crawford, M. A. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.275s · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Otto, S. J., van Houwelingen, A. C., Antal, M., et al. (1997) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600390 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Malcolm, C. A. (2003) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/fn.88.5.f383 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Horvath, A., Koletzko, B. V., & Szajewska, H. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507709078 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationKrauss‐Etschmann, S., Hartl, D., Rzehak, P., Heinrich, J., Shadid, R., Ramirez-Tortosa, M. D. C., Campoy, C., Pardillo, S., Schendel, D. J., Décsi, T., et al. (2007) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.018 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationEssential fatty acids interconversion in the human fetal liver.
Chambaz, J., Ravel, D., Manier, M.-C., Pépin, D., Mulliez, N., & Béréziat, G. (1985) · Biology of the Neonate · doi:10.1159/000242104 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Dunstan, J. A., Mori, T. A., Barden, A. E., Beilin, L. J., Holt, P. G., Calder, P. C., Taylor, A. L., & Prescott, S. L. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601825 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Rees, A.-M., Austin, M.-P., & Parker, G. B. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670701827267 · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Four of these studies did not find significant effect of DHA supplementation taken for 6 or 8 weeks during pregnancy in subjects with diagnosed major depression in studies involving a small number of participants (64–67) .”
In vivo investigation of the placental transfer of 13C-labeled fatty acids in humans
Larqué, E., Demmelmair, H., Berger, B., et al. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m200067-jlr200 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationJudge, M. P., Harel, O., & Lammi‐Keefe, C. J. (2007) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-006-3007-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gil-Sánchez, A., Larqué, E., Demmelmair, H., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29589 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationPreferential uptake of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by isolated human placental membranes
Campbell, F., Gordon, M. J., & Duttaroy, A. K. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf00714336 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Helland, I. B., Saugstad, O. D., Saarem, K., van Houwelingen, A. C., Nylander, G., & Drevon, C. A. (2006) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767050600738396 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation to Prevent Recurrent Preterm Birth
Harper, M., Thom, E. A., Klebanoff, M. A., Thorp, J. M., Sorokin, Y., Varner, M. W., Wapner, R. J., Caritis, S. N., Iams, J. D., Carpenter, M. W., et al. (2010) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181cbd60e · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Campbell, F., Gordon, M. J., & Duttaroy, A. K. (1998) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00267-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Supplementation of fish-oil and soy-oil during pregnancy and psychomotor development of infants.
Tofail, F., Kabir, I., Hamadani, J. D., Chowdhury, F., Yesmin, S., Mehreen, F., & Huda, S. N. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and fetal accretion
Montgomery, C., Speake, B. K., Cameron, A., et al. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2003888 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Campbell, F., Clohessy, A. M., Gordon, M., et al. (1997) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30040-7 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bergmann, R. L., Bergmann, K. E., Haschke‐Becher, E., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., Barclay, D., & Haschke, F. (2007) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm.2007.085 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Doornbos, B., van Goor, S. A., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., Schaafsma, A., Korf, J., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Malcolm, C. A., Hamilton, R., McCulloch, D. L., Montgomery, C., & Weaver, L. T. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0767 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Metabolism of 13C-Labeled Linoleic Acid in Newborn Infants During the First Week of Life
Szitányi, P., Koletzko, B. V., Mydlilova, A., et al. (1999) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199905010-00010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationSalvig, J. D., & Lamont, R. (2011) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01171.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Salvig, J. D., Olsen, S. F., & Secher, N. J. (1996) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09801.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bergmann, R. L., Haschke‐Becher, E., Klassen-Wigger, P., et al. (2008) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000129651 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Parra, M.-S., Schnaas, L., Meydani, M., et al. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002381 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
THE LIPIDS OF SERUM IN PREGNANCY 1
Peters, J. P., Heinemann, M., & Man, E. B. (1951) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci102455 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Longitudinal Assessment of Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition Throughout Pregnancy and Post Partum
Stewart, F. M., Rodie, V. A., Ramsay, J. E., Greer, I. A., Freeman, D. J., & Meyer, B. J. (2007) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-006-3005-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Warstedt, K., Furuhjelm, C., Duchén, K., Fälth‐Magnusson, K., & Fagerås, M. (2009) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181aabd1c · Cited by 57 · see citing works
N-3 fatty acids and pregnancy outcomes
Décsi, T., & Koletzko, B. V. (2005) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200503000-00009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal and umbilical fatty acid status in relation to maternal diet
Vriese, S. R. D., Matthys, C., Henauw, S. D., Backer, G. D., Dhont, M. A., & Christophe, A. B. (2002) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1054/plef.2002.0446 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The efficacy of n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA (fish oil) for perinatal depression
Jans, L. A. W., Giltay, E. J., & van der Does, W. A. J. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510004125 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake on Visual Function in School-Age Children
Jacques, C., Levy, E. H., Muckle, G., Jacobson, S. W., Bastien, C., Dewailly, É., Ayotte, P., Jacobson, J. L., & Saint‐Amour, D. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.056 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stein, A. D., Wang, M., Martorell, R., et al. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.128215 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids during pregnancy
Matorras, R., Ruiz-Sanz, J. I., Perteagudo, L., et al. (2001) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm.2001.042 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Knudsen, V., Hansen, H. S., Østerdal, M., et al. (2006) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00895.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Supportive psychotherapy for perinatal depression: preliminary data for adherence and response
Freeman, M. P., & Davis, M. F. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20596 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Barden, A. E., Dunstan, J. A., Beilin, L. J., et al. (2006) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20060096 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Biochemical markers of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy.
Matorras, R., Perteagudo, L., & Sanjurjo, P. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes
Carlson, S. E., Colombo, J., Gajewski, B. J., Gustafson, K. M., Mundy, D., Yeast, J., Georgieff, M. K., Markley, L. A., Kerling, E. H., & Shaddy, D. J. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.050021 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Van Dael, P. (2021) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2021.15.2.137 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
- Authors
- Larqué, E., Gil-Sánchez, A., Prieto-Sánchez, M. T., & Koletzko, B.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Murcia (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (ES)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Larqué, Elvira
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-17
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- S2
- Pages
- S77-S84
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2146447902
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, gestation, pregnancy outcomes, birth weight, preterm birth, neurodevelopmental outcomes, offspring cognitive development, maternal depression, placental function
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Cognition, Deficiency Diseases, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Nervous System, Placenta, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Dietary Supplements, Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
