Protein intakes in India
Open accessAbstract
Indian diets derive almost 60 % of their protein from cereals with relatively low digestibility and quality. There have been several surveys of diets and protein intakes in India by the National Nutrition Monitoring Board (NNMB) over the last 25 years, in urban and rural, as well as in slum dwellers and tribal populations. Data of disadvantaged populations from slums, tribals and sedentary rural Indian populations show that the protein intake (mainly from cereals) is about 1 gm/kg/day. However, the protein intake looks less promising in terms of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), using lysine as the first limiting amino acid, where all populations, particularly rural and tribal, appear to have an inadequate quality to their protein intake. The protein: energy (PE) ratio is a measure of dietary quality, and has been used in the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report to define reference requirement values with which the adequacy of diets can be evaluated in terms of a protein quality corrected PE ratio. It is likely that about one third of this sedentary rural population is at risk of not meeting their requirements. These levels of risk of deficiency are in a population with relatively low BMI populations, whose diets are also inadequate in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, while the burden of enhancing the quality of protein intake in rural India exists, the quality of the diet, in general, represents a challenge that must be met.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ileal digestibility estimates amino acid bioavailability more accurately than total tract digestibility in humans and pigs.
“Therefore, ileal digestibility is a more accurate estimate of AA bioavailability than total tract digestibility in both humans and pigs (3,4) .”
Crude protein digestibility does not represent the digestibility of all amino acids because individual amino acids are digested with different efficiencies.
“In addition, the digestibility of CP is not representative of the digestibility of all AA (3) , because individual AA are digested with different efficiencies (3) .”
The SID values for glycine above 100% are an artifact caused by overestimation of endogenous glycine, which often occurs with the N-free procedure.
“these values are an artifact that is caused by an overestimation of endogenous glycine, which often happens when the N-free procedure is used to determine endogenous losses of AA (3)”
Values from the N-free diet are estimates of basal endogenous amino acid losses that are independent of diet and secreted only in response to dry matter in the small intestine.
“Values obtained using this procedure are estimates for the basal endogenous losses that are independent of the diet and secreted only in response to DM being present in the small intestine (3)”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nutritive value of Indian foods
Gopalan, C., Sastri, B. V. R., & Balasubramanian, S. C. (1971) · Cited by 2,617 · see citing works
Energy and protein requirements*
Pacey, A., & Payne, P. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429036279-4 · Cited by 2,545 · see citing works
Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition
Young, V., & Pellett, P. (1994) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Nutritional evaluation of protein foods.
Pellett, P. L., & Young, V. R. (1980) · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Westerterp-Plantenga, M., Rolland, V, Wilson, S., & Westerterp, K. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600782 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Millward, D. J., Layman, D. K., Tomé, D., & Schaafsma, G. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1576s · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Young, V. R., Bier, D. M., & Pellett, P. L. (1989) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.1.80 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT MAN
Rose, W. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1956.tb01591.x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Millward, D. J., & Jackson, A. A. (2004) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2003545 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The amino acid requirement of adult men
Rose, W. C. (1957) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Leucine kinetics at graded leucine intakes in young men
Meguid, M. M., Matthews, D. E., Bier, D. M., Meredith, C., Soeldner, J. S., & Young, V. R. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.5.770 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Basal metabolic rates and metabolic economy in chronic undernutrition.
Soares, M. J., & Ps, S. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D. S., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.2.404 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationRao, S. R., Kanade, A., Yajnik, C. S., & Fall, C. H. D. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp223 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D. S., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMarchini, J. S., Cortiella, J., Hiramatsu, T., Chapman, T. E., & Young, V. R. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.670 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Nazareth, D. S., Nagaraj, S., Gnanou, J. V., & Young, V. R. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.6.1145 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationWheat proteins in relation to protein requirements and availability of amino acids
Young, V. R., & Pellett, P. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.5.1077 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Maternal Nutrition and Birth Size among Urban Affluent and Rural Women in India
Kanade, A., Rao, S. R., Kelkar, R. S., & Gupte, S. S. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719685 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Higher weight at birth is related to decreased maternal amino acid oxidation during pregnancy
DUGGLEBY, S. L., & Jackson, A. A. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.4.852 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Maternal nutrition and the outcome of pregnancy–a critical appraisal
Naismith, D. J. (1980) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19800002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
World Balance of Dietary Essential Amino Acids Relative to the 1989 Fao/Who Protein Scoring Pattern
Kazuo, H. (1995) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482659501600210 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kurpad, A. V., Dwarkanath, P., Thomas, T. S., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29205 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mathai, J. K., Liu, Y., & Stein, H. H. (2017) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517000125 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
True ileal digestibility of legumes determined by dual-isotope tracer method in Indian adults
Kashyap, S., Varkey, A., Shivakumar, N., Devi, S., Reddy B H, R., Thomas, T., Preston, T., Sreeman, S., & Kurpad, A. V. (2019) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz159 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
- Authors
- Swaminathan, S., Vaz, M., & Kurpad, A. V.
- Affiliations
- St. John's Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Swaminathan, Sumathi
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- S2
- Pages
- S50-S58
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2155444118
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- protein intake, Indian diet, cereal proteins, PDCAAS, lysine limitation, energy-protein ratio, protein quality, rural India, slum population, tribal population, diet quality
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Amino Acids, Essential, Energy Intake, Edible Grain, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Humans, India, Nutritional Requirements, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Reference Values, Risk, Rural Population, Urban Population, Body Mass Index, Sedentary Behavior, Research Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
