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Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS)
Open accessAbstract
An experiment was conducted to compare values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for four animal proteins and four plant proteins with values calculated as recommended for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), but determined in pigs instead of in rats. Values for standardised total tract digestibility (STTD) of crude protein (CP) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) were calculated for whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein concentrate (WPC), milk protein concentrate (MPC), skimmed milk powder (SMP), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soya protein isolate (SPI), soya flour and whole-grain wheat. The PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the STTD of CP to estimate AA digestibility and values for DIAAS were calculated from values for SID of AA. Results indicated that values for SID of most indispensable AA in WPI, WPC and MPC were greater (P<0·05) than for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat. With the exception of arginine and tryptophan, the SID of all indispensable AA in SPI was greater (P<0·05) than in soya flour, and with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P<0·05) than in all other ingredients. If the same scoring pattern for children between 6 and 36 months was used to calculate PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS, PDCAAS-like values were greater (P<0·05) than DIAAS values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat indicating that PDCAAS-like values estimated in pigs may overestimate the quality of these proteins.
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- Findingown data
Apart from arginine and tryptophan, the standardised ileal digestibility of every indispensable amino acid in soya protein isolate exceeded that in soya flour.
“With the exception of arginine and tryptophan, the SID of all indispensable AA in SPI was greater (P < 0•05) than in soya flour, and with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P < 0•05) than in all other ingredients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of most indispensable amino acids was higher in whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate and milk protein concentrate than in skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate, soya flour and wheat.
“Results indicated that values for SID of most indispensable AA in WPI, WPC and MPC were greater (P < 0•05) than for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“However, the SID of most AA was greater (P < 0•05) in WPI, WPC and MPC than in SMP, PPC, soya flour and wheat, but for SPI, many AA had SID values that were not different from those in WPI, WPC and MPC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of isoleucine, cysteine and serine was lower in milk protein concentrate than in whey protein isolate and whey protein concentrate.
“The SID of isoleucine, cysteine and serine was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI and WPC, and the SID of valine and glutamic acid was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI, but for all other AA, no differences among MPC, WPI and WPC were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Except for arginine, tryptophan, alanine and glycine, the standardised ileal digestibility of all amino acids was higher in soya protein isolate than in soya flour.
“With the exception of arginine, tryptophan, alanine and glycine, the SID of all AA was greater (P < 0•05) in SPI than in soya flour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For all other amino acids, standardised ileal digestibility did not differ among milk protein concentrate, whey protein isolate and whey protein concentrate.
“The SID of isoleucine, cysteine and serine was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI and WPC, and the SID of valine and glutamic acid was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI, but for all other AA, no differences among MPC, WPI and WPC were observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Except for tyrosine, the standardised ileal digestibility of all amino acids did not differ between whey protein isolate and whey protein concentrate.
“With the exception of tyrosine, the SID of all AA was not different between WPI and WPC (Table 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the same amino acid scoring pattern for children aged 6 to 36 months was used, PDCAAS-like values exceeded DIAAS values for skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate, soya flour and wheat.
“If the same scoring pattern for children between 6 and 36 months was used to calculate PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS, PDCAAS-like values were greater (P < 0•05) than DIAAS values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat indicating that PDCAAS-like values estimated in pigs”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“If PDCAAS-like values were calculated according to the same scoring pattern as DIAAS (8) , PDCAAS-like values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat were greater (P < 0•05) than values for DIAAS, whereas the PDCAAS-like value for WPI was less (P < 0•05) than the DIAAS for WPI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Apart from threonine, the standardised ileal digestibility of every indispensable amino acid in wheat was lower than in all other ingredients tested.
“with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P < 0•05) than in all other ingredients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of valine and glutamic acid was lower in milk protein concentrate than in whey protein isolate.
“The SID of isoleucine, cysteine and serine was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI and WPC, and the SID of valine and glutamic acid was less (P < 0•05) in MPC than in WPI, but for all other AA, no differences among MPC, WPI and WPC were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of aspartic acid and glutamic acid was higher in pea protein concentrate than in soya flour.
“The SID of methionine, tryptophan and cysteine was less (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour and the SID of aspartic acid and glutamic acid was greater (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour, but for all other AA, no difference between these two ingredients was observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When PDCAAS-like values were calculated with the same scoring patterns used for DIAAS, their first-limiting amino acids did not differ from those identified for DIAAS.
“If PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the same scoring patterns as used to calculate DIAAS, the first-limiting AA in the proteins was not different from those identified for DIAAS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Dairy proteins had higher standardised ileal digestibility (SID) values than plant proteins in this experiment.
“As expected, dairy proteins had greater SID values than the plant proteins”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For all other amino acids, standardised ileal digestibility did not differ between pea protein concentrate and soya flour.
“The SID of methionine, tryptophan and cysteine was less (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour and the SID of aspartic acid and glutamic acid was greater (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour, but for all other AA, no difference between these two ingredients was observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of methionine, tryptophan and cysteine was lower in pea protein concentrate than in soya flour.
“The SID of methionine, tryptophan and cysteine was less (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour and the SID of aspartic acid and glutamic acid was greater (P < 0•05) in PPC than in soya flour, but for all other AA, no difference between these two ingredients was observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In this experiment, the PDCAAS-like value for WPC was greater than that for SMP.
“the PDCAASlike value for WPC is greater than for SMP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised total tract digestibility of crude protein was higher than its standardised ileal digestibility for milk protein concentrate, skimmed milk powder and soya protein isolate.
“In contrast, the STTD of CP was greater (P < 0•05) than the SID of CP in MPC, SMP and SPI, whereas no difference between SID and STTD of CP was observed for PPC and soya flour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher than its standardised total tract digestibility for whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate and wheat.
“The SID of CP was greater (P < 0•05) than the STTD of CP for WPI, WPC and wheat (Table 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Standardised ileal digestibility and standardised total tract digestibility of crude protein did not differ for pea protein concentrate and soya flour.
“In contrast, the STTD of CP was greater (P < 0•05) than the SID of CP in MPC, SMP and SPI, whereas no difference between SID and STTD of CP was observed for PPC and soya flour.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
DIAAS for whey protein isolate was higher than its PDCAAS-like value.
“In contrast, the DIAAS for WPI was greater (P < 0•05) than the PDCAAS-like value.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The standardised ileal digestibility of all indispensable amino acids, alanine and tyrosine was lower in wheat than in all other ingredients.
“The SID of all indispensable AA and of alanine and tyrosine was less (P < 0•05) in wheat than in all other ingredients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
All dairy proteins tested in this experiment had DIAAS values of 100 or more.
“all dairy proteins tested in this experiment can be considered 'excellent/high' quality sources of protein, with DIAAS ≥100 (8)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
- Findingreasoning
For all ingredients except wheat, threonine had a lower SID value than lysine.
“For all ingredients used in this experiment with the exception of wheat, threonine had a lower SID value than lysine”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For all proteins, SID values differed among indispensable and dispensable amino acids.
“For all proteins, SID values were different among both indispensable and dispensable AA”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Whey proteins have a more balanced amino acid profile than whole milk protein.
“the whey proteins have a more balanced AA profile compared with whole milk protein.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the current experiment, calculated SID values for glycine in several ingredients exceeded 100%.
“The calculated values for the SID of glycine in several ingredients exceeded 100 % in the current experiment”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For children older than 3 years, adolescents and adults, the first-limiting amino acids for both DIAAS and PDCAAS-like values for all proteins were the same as those identified for children aged 6 months to 3 years.
“For children >3 years old, adolescents and adults, the first-limiting AA for both DIAAS and PDCAAS-like values for all proteins were the same as those identified for children from 6 months to 3 years old.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The observed differences between SID and STTD of crude protein agree with reports that apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein differs from apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“The differences between values for SID and STTD of CP that were observed are in agreement with reports indicating that the apparent ileal digestibility of CP is different from the apparent total tract digestibility of CP (2,24)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2]
- cites [24]
- Findingcitation
SPI and soya flour had DIAAS values between 75 and 100.
“SPI and soya flour qualify as 'good' sources of protein, with a score ≥75 and <100.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
- Findingreasoning
Even when PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the DIAAS scoring pattern, PDCAAS-like values for five of the eight proteins were greater than DIAAS values.
“even if the PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the DIAAS scoring pattern, PDCAAS-like values for five of the eight proteins were greater than values for DIAAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both STTD and SID of crude protein overestimate ileal digestibility of amino acids for proteins with lower amino acid digestibility.
“both STTD and SID of CP overestimate the ileal digestibility of AA for proteins with lower AA digestibility”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When the original PDCAAS scoring pattern was used, the predicted first-limiting amino acid differed for all proteins except SMP, PPC and wheat.
“if the original scoring pattern for PDCAAS was used, the predicted first-limiting AA were different for all proteins except SMP, PPC and wheat”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
If values are not truncated, none of these proteins have PDCAAS-like values lower than their DIAAS values.
“if values are not truncated, none of these proteins have PDCAAS-like values that are less than values for DIAAS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When PDCAAS-like and DIAAS values were calculated for children older than 6 months or for adults using the same scoring pattern, no differences between the two methods in predicting the first-limiting amino acid were observed.
“If PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS values were calculated for children older than 6 months or for adults and if the same scoring pattern was used, no differences between the two methodologies in terms of predicting the first-limiting AA were observed”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Removing truncation resulted in PDCAAS-like values greater than DIAAS values for six of the eight protein sources.
“removing the truncation resulted in PDCAAS-like values that were greater than values for DIAAS for six of the eight protein sources”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The PDCAAS-like values for WPC, MPC and SMP are much lower than their DIAAS values as a consequence of truncation.
“The observation that the PDCAASlike values for WPC, MPC and SMP are much less than values for DIAAS is a consequence of truncation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In some cases, nitrogen may be secreted into the hindgut, reducing STTD compared with SID.
“as illustrated in this experiment, in some cases, N may be secreted into the hindgut resulting in a reduced value for STTD compared with SID.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The difference between PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS is greater for proteins with lower amino acid digestibility than for proteins with greater digestibility.
“the difference between PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS is greater for proteins with lower AA digestibility than for proteins with greater digestibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
PDCAAS-like and DIAAS values were much lower when the infant scoring pattern (<6 months old) was used instead of scoring patterns for older children or adults.
“PDCAAS-like values and values for DIAAS were much less if the scoring pattern for infants (i.e. <6 months old) was used instead of scoring patterns for older children or adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For most proteins, significant differences between PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS were observed.
“for most proteins, significant differences between PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS were observed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PPC and wheat have very low DIAAS and PDCAAS-like values for infants.
“some of the proteins such as PPC and wheat, have very low DIAAS and PDCAAS-like values for infants”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Ileal digestibility estimates amino acid bioavailability more accurately than total tract digestibility in humans and pigs.
“Therefore, ileal digestibility is a more accurate estimate of AA bioavailability than total tract digestibility in both humans and pigs (3,4) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Standardised ileal digestibility values for amino acids can be used to calculate DIAAS for proteins used in human nutrition.
“Values for SID of AA are additive in mixed diets (11) and may be used to calculate DIAAS in proteins used in human nutrition (4,8) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Standardised ileal digestibility values for amino acids are additive in mixed diets.
“Values for SID of AA are additive in mixed diets (11) and may be used to calculate DIAAS in proteins used in human nutrition (4,8) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11]
- Premisecitation
PDCAAS values are derived from the total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) has been used for more than 20 years to evaluate protein quality in human foods (1) , but the PDCAAS procedure has limitations because values are calculated from the total tract digestibility of crude protein (CP) and calculations for PDCAAS are based on the assumption that all amino acids (AA) have the same digestibility as CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
- Interpretationown data
PDCAAS-like values obtained in pigs may overestimate the protein quality of skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate, soya flour and wheat.
“indicating that PDCAAS-like values estimated in pigs may overestimate the quality of these proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
PDCAAS calculations rest on the assumption that all amino acids are digested to the same extent as crude protein.
“The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) has been used for more than 20 years to evaluate protein quality in human foods (1) , but the PDCAAS procedure has limitations because values are calculated from the total tract digestibility of crude protein (CP) and calculations for PDCAAS are based on the assumption that all amino acids (AA) have the same digestibility as CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
- Premisecitation
Crude protein digestibility does not represent the digestibility of all amino acids because individual amino acids are digested with different efficiencies.
“In addition, the digestibility of CP is not representative of the digestibility of all AA (3) , because individual AA are digested with different efficiencies (3) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Interpretationown data
A single value cannot be used to estimate the digestibility of individual amino acids, as is assumed in PDCAAS calculation.
“one single value cannot be used to estimate the digestibility of individual AA as is assumed in the calculation of PDCAAS (1)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
- Interpretationreasoning
SID values give a better estimate of amino acids available for metabolism than if diet-specific endogenous losses had not been debited against the ingredient or diet.
“values for SID will give a better estimate of the AA that are available for metabolism than if values for diet-specific endogenous losses had not been debited against the ingredient or diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Endogenous losses are really lost from the body.
- Premisecitation
In rats, whey protein concentrate (WPC) had a greater protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) than skimmed milk powder (SMP), soya protein isolate (SPI), and soya protein concentrate.
“results indicated that WPC had greater PDCAAS than SMP, SPI and soya protein concentrate (7,19)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
The comparison between PDCAAS-like and DIAAS values was made within the same animal because using different animal models would confound any differences.
“However, it was the objective to determine if total tract digestibility values for CP can be used to accurately estimate ileal digestibility values of individual AA and if we had used a rodent to calculate PDCAAS values and the pig to calculate DIAAS values, any differences would have been confounded by using the two different animal models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Dairy proteins are considered high-quality proteins for humans.
“they are, therefore, considered high-quality proteins for humans (20)(21)(22)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (20)(21)(22)
- Interpretationreasoning
The low cysteine concentration of casein, the major protein in SMP, may explain the lower PDCAAS-like value for SMP compared with WPC.
“this may be the reason for the reduced PDCAAS-like value for SMP compared with WPC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The major protein in SMP is casein, which has a low concentration of cysteine.
- Interpretationcitation
The SID values for glycine above 100% are an artifact caused by overestimation of endogenous glycine, which often occurs with the N-free procedure.
“these values are an artifact that is caused by an overestimation of endogenous glycine, which often happens when the N-free procedure is used to determine endogenous losses of AA (3)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Interpretationcitation
According to FAO guidelines for older children, adolescents and adults, all dairy proteins tested qualify as excellent or high quality protein sources.
“According to the FAO recommended AA patterns for older children, adolescents and adults and recommendations for nutrient claims, all dairy proteins tested in this experiment can be considered 'excellent/high' quality sources of protein”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
- Premisecitation
Values from the N-free diet are estimates of basal endogenous amino acid losses that are independent of diet and secreted only in response to dry matter in the small intestine.
“Values obtained using this procedure are estimates for the basal endogenous losses that are independent of the diet and secreted only in response to DM being present in the small intestine (3)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
- Interpretationcitation
By the same FAO guidelines, SPI and soya flour qualify as good sources of protein.
“By the same guidelines, SPI and soya flour qualify as 'good' sources of protein”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
- Interpretationreasoning
If a diet or ingredient induces diet-specific endogenous losses due to high dietary fibre or anti-nutritional factors, its SID values will be lower than those of a diet or ingredient that does not induce such losses.
“if a specific diet or ingredient induces diet-specific endogenous losses because of high concentrations of dietary fibre or anti-nutritional factors, the SID values for that diet or ingredient will be reduced compared with values for a diet or ingredient that does not induce specific endogenous losses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Diet-specific endogenous losses may occur in addition to basal endogenous losses.
- Interpretationcitation
The lower SID of threonine compared with lysine is due to higher concentrations of threonine than lysine and other indispensable amino acids in mucin protein secreted into the small intestine.
“This is a result of the greater concentrations of threonine than of lysine and other indispensable AA in mucin protein secreted into the small intestine (23)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23]
- Rests on an assumption: Mucin protein is resistant to protease digestion and is included in the endogenous protein fraction that reaches the distal ileum in pigs without being hydrolysed.
- Rests on an assumption: For proteins that are not heat damaged, threonine usually has a lower SID value than lysine.
- Interpretationreasoning
The very low DIAAS and PDCAAS-like values of PPC and wheat for infants are likely of minor consequence.
“is likely of minor consequence”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: PPC and wheat are not expected to be used to a great extent in the feeding of infants.
- Interpretationown data
The ileal digestibility of amino acids cannot be accurately predicted from a single value of total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“the ileal digestibility of AA cannot be accurately predicted from a single value obtained for the total tract digestibility of CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The fundamental problem with PDCAAS values is that they are calculated using the incorrect assumption that ileal digestibility of all amino acids can be predicted from total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“the fundamental problem with values for PDCAAS is that they are calculated using the incorrect assumption that the ileal digestibility of all AA can be predicted from the total tract digestibility of CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The truncation assumption neglects the complementary effect that excess amino acids may have when combined with amino acids from other proteins.
“This assumption, however, neglects the complementary effect that excess AA may have in combination with AA from other proteins (26,27)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
PDCAAS values do not give credit for extra indispensable amino acids that a protein may add to a diet.
“as a consequence, PDCAAS values do not give credit for extra indispensable AA that a protein may add to a diet (26,28)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A major limitation of PDCAAS is that all scores are truncated to 100%, based on the rationale that amino acids beyond the requirement pattern confer no additional benefit.
“a major limitation of the PDCAAS system is that all scores are truncated to 100 % with the rationale that any amount of AA beyond the requirement pattern confers no additional benefit to the individual consuming the protein (8,16,26,27)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The major inaccuracies in PDCAAS calculation result from the incorrect assumption that ileal digestibility of all indispensable amino acids can be predicted from total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“the major inaccuracies in the calculation of PDCAAS are a consequence of the incorrect assumption that the ileal digestibility of all indispensable AA can be predicted from the total tract digestibility of CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Using STTD of crude protein to estimate the digestibility of all amino acids in the PDCAAS system will produce inaccurate estimates of amino acid digestibility.
“the use of STTD of CP to estimate the digestibility of all AA in the PDCAAS system will result in inaccuracies of estimates for AA digestibility, which has also been previously illustrated (7,21)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
PDCAAS-like values overestimate protein quality.
“indicating an overestimation of protein quality by using PDCAAS-like values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
DIAAS values are not truncated to 100% and therefore give credit to a protein as a complementary source of amino acids in a mixed diet.
“values for DIAAS are not truncated to 100 %, and therefore, give credit to a protein based on its value as a complementary source of AA with other sources of proteins in a mixed diet (7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
- Interpretationown data
This illustrates the high protein quality needed by infants.
“illustrate the high-protein quality that is needed in proteins by infants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Specifically for low-quality proteins, PDCAAS values overestimate protein quality.
“specifically for low-quality proteins, values for PDCAAS overestimate the protein quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The principal methodological difference between PDCAAS and DIAAS is the assumption that small intestinal absorption of individual amino acids can be predicted from total tract digestibility of crude protein.
“the principal methodological difference between values calculated for PDCAAS and values calculated for DIAAS is related to the assumption that the small intestinal absorption of individual AA can be predicted from the total tract digestibility of CP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
PDCAAS values predicted from STTD of crude protein are expected to be less accurate for proteins with low amino acid digestibility than for proteins with greater amino acid digestibility.
“values for PDCAAS that are predicted from the STTD of CP are expected to be less accurate for proteins with low AA digestibility than for proteins with greater AA digestibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The differences between STTD and SID values show why STTD does not always represent amino acid absorption.
“the differences between STTD and SID values illustrate why values for STTD do not always represent absorption of AA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: N exchange in the hindgut does not contribute to the amino acid balance in humans and monogastric animals, and amino acids are absorbed only in the small intestine.
- Interpretationown data
The choice of scoring pattern influences which amino acid is predicted to be first limiting in a specific protein.
“which illustrates that the choice of scoring pattern will influence, which AA is predicted to be first limiting in a specific protein.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In most cases, total tract digestibility of crude protein is greater than ileal digestibility because of ammonia absorption from the hindgut.
“In most cases, the total tract digestibility of CP is greater than the ileal digestibility because of absorption of ammonia from the hindgut (25,26)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
PDCAAS values do not accurately predict ileal amino acid digestibility.
“PDCAAS values do not accurately predict ileal AA digestibility”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataThe crude protein concentration of the ingredients ranged from 11.67% to 92.66%.
“The concentration of CP in ingredients ranged from 11•67 to 92•66 %.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhen PDCAAS-like values were calculated according to FAO/WHO recommendations and truncated, values for whey protein concentrate, milk protein concentrate and skimmed milk powder were lower than DIAAS values, while values for pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate, soya flour and wheat were higher than DIAAS values.
“If PDCAAS-like values calculated according to FAO/WHO (1) were truncated as recommended, values for WPC, MPC, SMP were less (P < 0•05) than values for DIAAS, whereas PDCAASlike values for PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat were greater (P < 0•05) than for DIAAS (Table 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhen PDCAAS-like values were not truncated, the value for whey protein concentrate did not differ from DIAAS, but values for milk protein concentrate and skimmed milk powder were higher than DIAAS.
“However, if PDCAAS-like values were not truncated, the PDCAAS-like value for WPC was not different from DIAAS, but PDCAAS-like values for MPC and SMP were greater (P < 0•05) than DIAAS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhen PDCAAS-like values were calculated with the original scoring patterns, the first-limiting amino acids were aromatic amino acids for whey proteins, threonine for milk protein concentrate, and sulfur amino acids for skimmed milk powder and soya protein isolate.
“However, if PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the original scoring patterns (1) , either truncated or not truncated, the first-limiting AA for whey proteins was the aromatic AA and threonine was first limiting in MPC and the sulfur AA were first limiting in SMP and SPI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningIn wheat, both lysine and tryptophan had lower SID values than threonine.
“The observation that both lysine and tryptophan in wheat had a lower SID value than threonine”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor infants, the first-limiting amino acids for DIAAS were aromatic amino acids for whey proteins, tryptophan for milk protein concentrate and pea protein concentrate, threonine for skimmed milk powder, sulfur amino acids for soya protein isolate, leucine for soya flour and lysine for wheat.
“The first-limiting AA for DIAAS calculated for infants were the aromatic AA for the whey proteins, tryptophan for MPC and PPC, threonine for SMP, the sulfur AA for SPI, leucine for soya flour and lysine for wheat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe first-limiting amino acid was tryptophan in pea protein concentrate, while lysine was first limiting in soya flour and wheat.
“However, the first-limiting AA in PPC was tryptophan, whereas lysine was first limiting in soya flour and wheat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataPDCAAS-like values calculated for infants were higher than DIAAS for skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate and wheat, while DIAAS for whey protein isolate tended to be higher than its PDCAAS-like value.
“Calculated PDCAAS-like values for infants were greater (P < 0•05) than values for DIAAS for SMP, PPC, SPI and wheat, whereas the value for DIAAS for WPI tended (P = 0•062) to be greater than the PDCAAS-like value (Table 7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor DIAAS, the first-limiting amino acid was histidine in whey protein isolate and whey protein concentrate, sulfur amino acids in milk protein concentrate, skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate and soya flour, and lysine in wheat.
“For values for DIAAS, the first-limiting AA in WPI and WPC was histidine, but for MPC, SMP, PPC, SPI and soya flour, the sulfur AA were first limiting, and lysine was first liming in wheat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationPPC and wheat tested in this experiment had DIAAS values below 75.
“PPC and wheat tested in this experiment fall into this category.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor children older than 3 years, adolescents and adults, PDCAAS-like values for skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate and soya protein isolate were higher than DIAAS, and the PDCAAS-like value for soya flour tended to be higher than DIAAS.
“For children older than 3 years, adolescents and adults, PDCAAS-like values for SMP, PPC and SPI were greater (P < 0•05) than DIAAS, and the PDCAAS-like value for soya flour tended (P = 0•053) to be”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWhen PDCAAS-like values were calculated with the same scoring pattern used for DIAAS, values for skimmed milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soya protein isolate, soya flour and wheat were higher than DIAAS, while the value for whey protein isolate was lower than its DIAAS.
“If PDCAAS-like values were calculated according to the same scoring pattern as DIAAS (8) , PDCAAS-like values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat were greater (P < 0•05) than values for DIAAS, whereas the PDCAAS-like value for WPI was less (P < 0•05) than the DIAAS for WPI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor infants, the first-limiting amino acid for PDCAAS-like values in skimmed milk powder was tryptophan, but for all other ingredients the first-limiting amino acid for DIAAS was also first limiting for PDCAAS-like values.
“The first-limiting AA for PDCAAS-like values calculated for infants in SMP was tryptophan, but for all other ingredients, the first-limiting AA in the calculation of DIAAS was also first limiting for PDCAAS-like values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataWith the same scoring pattern for older children or adults, lysine was first limiting in wheat, histidine in whey proteins, and sulfur amino acids in whole milk proteins and soya and pea proteins.
“with lysine being first limiting in wheat, histidine being first limiting in the whey proteins and the sulfur AA being first limiting in the whole milk proteins and the soya and pea proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataDifferences in ileal digestibility among individual amino acids exist in all proteins, with threonine being the least digestible for most proteins.
“differences in the ileal digestibility among individual AA in all proteins exist with the digestibility of threonine being the least for most proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataPDCAAS-like values calculated from total tract digestibility of crude protein in pigs and DIAAS values for dairy proteins are greater than those for proteins from soyabeans, peas or wheat.
“PDCAAS-like values calculated from the total tract digestibility of CP in pigs and DIAAS values for dairy proteins are greater than for proteins obtained from soyabeans, peas or wheat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationUnder the original definition, PDCAAS values are determined in rats.
“In contrast, PDCAAS values according to the original definition are determined in rats (1) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationPDCAAS tends to underestimate the value of high-quality proteins and to overestimate the value of low-quality proteins.
“It was also recently concluded that PDCAAS generally underestimates the value of high-quality proteins and overestimates the value of low-quality proteins (7) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe pig is recognised as an appropriate model for estimating crude protein and amino acid digestibility in foods for humans and has been recommended as the preferred model for calculating DIAAS.
“To calculate DIAAS, it is necessary to determine the digestibility of individual AA at the end of the small intestine (the ileum), and the pig has been recognised as an appropriate model for estimating CP and AA digestibility in foods for humans (8)(9)(10) .”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“It is, therefore, important that the comparison is done within the same animal and because the pig has been recommended as the preferred animal model to calculate DIAAS values (8) , we chose to use the pig to also calculate PDCAAS-like values in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites (8)(9)(10)
- cites [8] source
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningWith nine replicates, the experiment was expected to detect differences in standardised ileal digestibility among ingredients of 2.5 to 4 percentage units, depending on the amino acid.
“With nine replicates we expected to be able to detect differences in SID values among ingredients of 2•5-4 percentage units (depending on the AA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenAll pigs stayed healthy throughout the experiment and consumed their diets readily.
“All pigs remained healthy throughout the experiment and readily consumed their diets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAmino acid digestibility is best measured at the end of the small intestine, the ileum, because amino acids are absorbed only from the small intestine and because hindgut fermentation can alter faecal amino acid excretion.
“It is, however, recognised that digestibility of AA is most correctly determined at the end of the small intestine (the ileum), because AA are absorbed only from the small intestine and because hindgut fermentation can affect faecal AA excretion (2) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe FAO now recommends DIAAS as the amino acid evaluation procedure.
“To avoid the flaws of the PDCAAS procedure, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (8) now recommends an AA evaluation procedure called digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCalculating DIAAS requires determining the digestibility of individual amino acids at the end of the small intestine, the ileum.
“To calculate DIAAS, it is necessary to determine the digestibility of individual AA at the end of the small intestine (the ileum), and the pig has been recognised as an appropriate model for estimating CP and AA digestibility in foods for humans (8)(9)(10) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenSamples were analysed in duplicate, and analyses were repeated when the duplicate values differed by more than 5%.
“Samples were analysed in duplicate, but analyses were repeated if the analysed values were >5 % apart.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationMucin in humans may also have a high concentration of threonine.
“which indicates that mucin in humans also may have a high concentration of threonine (9,10)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningDiet-specific endogenous losses are not included in N-free diet values and are debited against ingredients when calculating SID values.
“diet-specific losses are debited against the ingredients in the calculations of SID values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Diet-specific endogenous losses may occur in addition to basal endogenous losses.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenAll proteins were fed as raw ingredients without the processing they usually undergo before human consumption, and if processing changes protein digestibility, the results may differ.
“In the present experiment we attempted to do that, but it is acknowledged that all proteins were fed as raw ingredients without the processing that these ingredients most often go through before consumption by humans.If processing changes the digestibility of the protein, results may be different.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe wheat used in this experiment may have been heat damaged during drying or grinding.
“may indicate that the wheat used in this experiment had been heat damaged during drying or grinding.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe proposed cut-off values for protein quality assessments were arbitrarily chosen and not based on documented research.
“the cut-off values for protein quality assessments that were proposed were arbitrarily chosen and not based on documented research (8)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe composition and digestibility of plant and animal proteins differ, so both types need to be evaluated.
“However, the composition and digestibility of both of these types of proteins differ (4,19) , and both plant and animal proteins, therefore, need to be evaluated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationCriticism of the originally suggested scoring patterns can be easily overcome by adopting different scoring patterns.
“criticism related to the scoring patterns that were originally suggested (1) can be easily overcome by adopting different scoring patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA later WHO/FAO report suggested scoring patterns for several age groups of children, teenagers and adults.
“in a later report from WHO/FAO, scoring patterns for several age groups of children, teenagers and adults were suggested (28)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationProblems associated with truncation can be easily corrected by using untruncated values.
“the problems associated with truncation can also be easily corrected by using untruncated values (26)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] source
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThis inaccuracy will have a greater impact on protein evaluation in developing countries than in developed countries, because foods consumed in many developing countries have lower crude protein digestibility than foods consumed in developed countries.
“This inaccuracy will have greater impact on evaluation of proteins used in developing countries than in developed countries, because foods typically consumed in many developing countries have lower digestibility of CP than food typically consumed in developed countries (29)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] source
The paper relies on this without support.
No published DIAAS values for these proteins had been determined in pigs, and it was unknown how DIAAS values determined in pigs compare with PDCAAS-like values determined in pigs.
“To our knowledge, there are no published values for DIAAS for these proteins that have been determined in pigs and it is not known how values for DIAAS determined in pigs compare with PDCAAS-like values determined in pigs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Amino acid digestibility in growing castrated male pigs is representative of values obtained in both male and female humans of all ages.
“Other limitations of the experiment include the assumption that AA digestibility in growing castrated male pigs are representative of values obtained in both male and female humans of all ages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mucin protein is resistant to protease digestion and is included in the endogenous protein fraction that reaches the distal ileum in pigs without being hydrolysed.
“Mucin protein is resistant to protease digestion, and therefore is included in the endogenous protein fraction that reaches the distal end of the ileum in pigs without being hydrolysed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
N exchange in the hindgut does not contribute to the amino acid balance in humans and monogastric animals, and amino acids are absorbed only in the small intestine.
“because N exchange in the hindgut does not contribute to the AA balance in humans and monogastric animals and because AA are absorbed only in the small intestine”
The paper relies on this without support.
PPC and wheat are not expected to be used to a great extent in the feeding of infants.
“these proteins are not expected to be used to a great extent in the feeding of infants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Endogenous losses are really lost from the body.
“because endogenous losses are really lost from the body”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diet-specific endogenous losses may occur in addition to basal endogenous losses.
“In addition to the basal endogenous losses, diet-specific endogenous losses may also occur”
The paper relies on this without support.
The major protein in SMP is casein, which has a low concentration of cysteine.
“The major protein in SMP is casein, which has a low concentration of cysteine”
The paper relies on this without support.
For proteins that are not heat damaged, threonine usually has a lower SID value than lysine.
“which is usually the case for proteins that are not heat damaged.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
PPC and SPI are misidentified as exceptions to a change in limiting amino acid
MinorThe discussion says the original PDCAAS scoring pattern changes the predicted first-limiting amino acid for every protein except SMP, PPC and wheat. Table 6 instead shows a change for PPC (Trp to SAA) and no change for SPI (SAA in both columns).
“However, if the original scoring pattern for PDCAAS was used, the predicted first-limiting AA were different for all proteins except SMP, PPC and wheat”
“| PPC | 75 a (Trp) | 75 a (Trp) | 71 b (SAA) | 62 c (SAA) | 0•6 | <0•0001 | | SPI | 93 a (SAA) | 93 a (SAA) | 86 b (SAA) | 84 c (SAA) | 0•5 | <0•0001 |”
Conflicting claims about threonine digestibility in wheat
MinorThe abstract excludes threonine from the amino acids whose digestibility was significantly lower in wheat than in every other ingredient. The Results section says this was true of all indispensable amino acids, which includes threonine.
“with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P < 0•05) than in all other ingredients.”
“The SID of all indispensable AA and of alanine and tyrosine was less (P < 0•05) in wheat than in all other ingredients.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mathai, J. K., Liu, Y., & Stein, H. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stein, Hans H.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-02-28
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 490-499
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2604266670
- Semantic Scholar
- 8cec1bacdf8ad12cc80718b81c44a28e8f55d197
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 24.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- DIAAS, PDCAAS, protein quality, whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, milk protein concentrate, skim milk powder, pea protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, soybean flour, whole wheat, plant proteins, milk protein, pigs, children aged 6 to 36 months
- MeSH terms
- Vegetable Products, Whey Proteins, Amino Acids, Essential, Animals, Child, Preschool, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Humans, Ileum, Infant, Male, Milk Proteins, Plant Proteins, Plants, Edible, Seeds, Glycine max, Swine, Triticum, Pisum sativum, Soybean Proteins, Gastrointestinal Tract
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