Effect of specific humoral immunity and some non-specific factors on resistance of volunteers to respiratory coronavirus infection
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SUMMARY: Thirty-three volunteers were inoculated intranasally with coronavirus 229 E, and their responses monitored by antibody rises, symptomatology and virus excretion. These were related to their pre-trial immune status as indicated by concentrations of specific antibodies and non-specific proteins in serum and nasal washings. Both circulating and local specific antibodies were associated with protection from infection and disease, but only specific IgA antibodies of either type appeared to shorten the period of virus shedding. Although total secretory IgA was significantly associated only with reduction of symptoms, total protein in nasal washings appeared to protect against infection also, indicating that other locally produced proteins, not identified, may be associated with resistance. Two of the many factors which may affect the concentration of circulating and local protective proteins and thus influence the outcome of virus inoculation, namely, sex of the volunteer and the interval since the previous cold, were examined. Male volunteers or volunteers who had had evidence of a recent respiratory infection were less likely to be infected, but if they were infected, they had lower clinical scores and stopped shedding virus earlier than the rest. These groups possessed higher concentrations of specific antibodies and non-specific proteins in their pre-challenge sera and/or nasal washings. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Most adults have probably had multiple hCoV exposures, and after an hCoV infection people can become reinfection-susceptible within 12-18 months.
“By adulthood, most individuals are likely to have been exposed multiple times, with longitudinal studies and human challenge studies suggesting that individuals become susceptible to reinfection within 12–18 months after a previous hCoV infection74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Other scenarios are plausible: vaccine protection may be brief, or it may prevent severe disease without stopping spread.
“alternative scenarios are also possible in which vaccine efficacy is either short lived or provides protection from severe disease but does not block transmission74–78.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Controlled infection studies with endemic coronaviruses found that nasal IgA levels correlate with protection.
“Historical studies of controlled human infection with endemic coronaviruses indicated that levels of nasal IgA correlate with protection against these infections35,36.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Callow, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Callow, Kathleen A.
- Venue
- Journal of Hygiene
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1985-08
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 173-189
- ISSN
- 0022-1724 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2129501
- OpenAlex
- W2109471081
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Hygiene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- HCoV-229E, humoral immunity, secretory IgA, local immunity, nasal washings, serum antibodies, viral shedding, sex differences, infection resistance, intranasal inoculation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antibodies, Viral, Coronaviridae, Coronaviridae Infections, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory, Immunoglobulin M, Immunity, Innate, Male, Nasal Mucosa, Neutralization Tests, Respiratory Tract Infections, Sex Factors, Time Factors
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