Cited by 484Nutrition and Health in AgingBody Composition Measurement TechniquesMuscle Physiology and Disorders

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Skeletal muscle mass and quality: evolution of modern measurement concepts in the context of sarcopenia

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Heymsfield, Steven B., Gonzalez, M. Cristina, Lu, Jianhua, Jia, Guang, Zheng, Jolene·2015·Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

DOI 10.1017/s0029665115000129

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Abstract

The first reports of accurate skeletal muscle mass measurement in human subjects appeared at about the same time as introduction of the sarcopenia concept in the late 1980s. Since then these methods, computed tomography and MRI, have been used to gain insights into older (i.e. anthropometry and urinary markers) and more recently developed and refined methods (ultrasound, bioimpedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) of quantifying regional and total body skeletal muscle mass. The objective of this review is to describe the evolution of these methods and their continued development in the context of sarcopenia evaluation and treatment. Advances in these technologies are described with a focus on additional quantifiable measures that relate to muscle composition and ‘quality’. The integration of these collective evaluations with strength and physical performance indices is highlighted with linkages to evaluation of sarcopenia and the spectrum of related disorders such as sarcopenic obesity, cachexia and frailty. Our findings show that currently available methods and those in development are capable of non-invasively extending measures from solely ‘mass’ to quality evaluations that promise to close the gaps now recognised between skeletal muscle mass and muscle function, morbidity and mortality. As the largest tissue compartment in most adults, skeletal muscle mass and aspects of muscle composition can now be evaluated by a wide array of technologies that provide important new research and clinical opportunities aligned with the growing interest in the spectrum of conditions associated with sarcopenia.

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Authors: Heymsfield, S. B., Gonzalez, M. C., Lu, J., Jia, G., & Zheng, J.
Affiliations: Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Heymsfield, Steven B.
ORCID: Heymsfield, Steven B.
Jia, Guang
Venue: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2015-04-08
Volume: 74
Issue: 4
Pages: 355-366
ISSN: 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
1475-2719
DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115000129
OpenAlex: W2002911924
Semantic Scholar: 952a7bf2738462331c6d3830a04208ca3846d859
Cited by: 483
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 2.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: sarcopenia, skeletal muscle mass, muscle quality, muscle composition, sarcopenic obesity, cachexia, frailty, muscle strength, physical performance, muscle mass assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, anthropometry
MeSH terms: Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Physical Fitness, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia

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Skeletal muscle mass and quality: evolution of modern measurement concepts in the context of sarcopenia

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