Two-megahertz impedance index prediction equation for appendicular lean mass in Korean older people
Open accessAbstract
Background: Whole-body bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been accepted as an indirect method to estimate appendicular lean mass (ALM) comparable to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, single or limited frequencies currently used for these estimates may over or under-estimate ALM. Accordingly, there is a need to measure the impedance parameter with appendicular lean-specific across multiple frequencies to more accurately estimate ALM. We aimed to validate muscle-specific frequency BIA equation for ALM using multifrequency BIA (MF-BIA) with DXA as the reference. Methods: 195 community-dwelling Korean older people (94 men and 101 women) aged 70 ~ 92y participated in this study. ALM was measured by DXA and bioimpedance measures at frequencies of 5 kHz ~ 3 MHz were assessed for independent predictive variables. Regression analyses were used to find limb-specific frequencies of bioimpedance, to develop the ALM equations and to conduct the internal cross-validation. The six published equations and the final equation of MF-BIA were externally cross-validated. Results: 195 participants completed the measurements of MF-BIA and DXA. Using bivariate regression analysis, the 2 MHz impedance index explained R2 = 91.5% of variability (P < 0.001) in ALM and predictive accuracy of standard error of estimate (SEE) was 1.0822 kg ALM (P < 0.001). Multiple stepwise regression analysis obtained in the development group had an adjusted R2 of 9.28% (P < 0.001) and a SEE of 0.97 kg ALM. The cross-validation group had no significant difference between the measured ALM and the predicted ALM (17.8 ± 3.9 kg vs. 17.7 ± 3.8 kg, P = .486) with 93.1% of R2 (P < 0.001) and 1.00 kg ALM of total error. The final regression equation was as follows: ALM = 0.247 ZI@2 MHz + 1.254SEX M1F0 + 0.067 Xc@5 kHz + 1.739 with 93% of R2 (P < 0.001), 0.97 kg ALM of SEE (Subjective Rating as “excellent” for men and “very good” for women). In the analysis of the diagnostic level for sarcopenia of the final regression, the overall agreement was 94.9% (k = 0.779, P < 0.001) with 71.4% of sensitivity, 98.8% of specificity, 91.3 of positive prediction value and 95.3% of negative prediction value. Conclusion: The newly developed appendicular lean-specific high-frequency BIA prediction equation has a high predictive accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and agreement for both individual and group measurements. Thus, the high-frequency BIA prediction equation is suitable not only for epidemiological studies, but also for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in clinical settings.
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Concerns with applicability were unclear in 12 studies.
“Concerns with applicability were high in 19 studies [37, 42–59] and unclear [41, 50, 60–69] in 12 studies due to the restricted sample size.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The Discussion (page not available) cautions against generalizing findings beyond older people in Seoul and calls for a larger sample, supporting an applicability concern for this study. It does not classify applicability as “unclear” or report that 12 studies received that rating. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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“Concerns with applicability were high in 19 studies [37, 42–59] and unclear [41, 50, 60–69] in 12 studies due to the restricted sample size.”
Background
- Authors
- Kim, H., Song, K.-H., Ambegaonkar, J. P., Chung, S., Jeon, K., Jiang, F. L., Eom, J. J., & Kim, C.-H.
- Affiliations
- Soonchunhyang University (KR)
- George Mason University (US)
- Konkuk University (KR)
- Salisbury University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Chul-Hyun
- Venue
- BMC Geriatrics
- Published
- 2022-05-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 385-385
- ISSN
- 1471-2318 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9059377
- OpenAlex
- W4225289168
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2022-06-28)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Geriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Soonchunhyang University
- Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (S2482763)
- Ministry of SMEs and Startups
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Keywords
- appendicular lean mass, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, impedance index, prediction equations, older adults, community-dwelling older adults, muscle mass assessment, cross-validation, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry comparison, sex differences, body composition assessment, sarcopenia screening
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Absorptiometry, Photon, Electric Impedance, Sarcopenia, Republic of Korea
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