Cited by 191Mental Health Research TopicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes

Kramer, Mark D., Krueger, Robert F., Hicks, Brian M.·2008·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291707001572

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Abstract

Background: We hypothesized that gender differences in average levels on the internalizing and externalizing factors that account for co-morbidity among common psychopathological syndromes in both men and women account for gender differences in the prevalence of specific syndromes. Method: The latent structure of 11 syndromes was examined in a middle-aged (mean age=52.66 years, s.d .=5.82) sample of 2992 (37% men) members of the community-based Minnesota Twin Registry (MTR) assessed using 10 scales of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) and an adult antisocial behavior scale. Confirmatory factorial invariance models were applied to a best-fitting, internalizing–externalizing model. Results: A ‘strong gender invariance model’ fit best, indicating that gender differences in the means of individual syndromes were well accounted for by gender differences in mean levels of internalizing and externalizing. Women exhibited higher mean levels of internalizing ( d =0.23) and lower mean levels of externalizing ( d =−0.52) than men. Conclusions: These findings suggest that risk factors for common mental disorders exhibiting gender differences may influence prevalence at the latent factor level. Future research may benefit from focusing on both the latent factor and individual syndrome levels in explaining gender differences in psychopathology.

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Authors: Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Hicks, B. M.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Kramer, Mark D.
Krueger, Robert F.
ORCID: Kramer, Mark D.
Krueger, Robert F.
Hicks, Brian M.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2007-09-25
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-61
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291707001572
OpenAlex: W1967724567
Cited by: 190
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 8.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: gender differences, psychopathology prevalence, psychiatric syndromes, comorbidities, antisocial behavior, middle-aged adults, Minnesota Twin Registry, latent factor structure, psychiatric risk factors
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Syndrome, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes

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