Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance

Meredith, William

doi:10.1007/bf02294825

Cited by 4,536Psychometric Methodologies and TestingEducational Assessment and PedagogyPsychological Testing and Assessment

Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance

Meredith, William·1993·Psychometrika

DOI 10.1007/bf02294825

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Several concepts are introduced and defined: measurement invariance, structural bias, weak measurement invariance, strong factorial invariance, and strict factorial invariance. It is shown that factorial invariance has implications for (weak) measurement invariance. Definitions of fairness in employment/admissions testing and salary equity are provided and it is argued that strict factorial invariance is required for fairness/equity to exist. Implications for item and test bias are developed and it is argued that item or test bias probably depends on the existence of latent variables that are irrelevant to the primary goal of test constructers.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/bf02294825

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The finding that factorial invariance is tenable suggests that the tests are unbiased with respect to group.
“The finding that factorial invariance is tenable suggests that the tests are unbiased with respect to group”
From Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (2000) · cites this paper as Meredith, 1993
Factorial congruence, which concerns the hypothesis that Λb = Λw, is only one aspect of strict factorial invariance.
“Factorial congruence, which concerns the hypothesis that ⌳ b = ⌳ w , is only one aspect of SFI (Meredith, 1993).”
From Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (2000) · cites this paper as Meredith, 1993
The hypothesis of SFI is tested explicitly in MGCFA, whereas in Jensen's test it is not tested directly, rather some aspects are investigated piecemeal.
“The hypothesis of SFI (Meredith, 1993), which we view as crucial to the meaningful interpretation of group differences within the factor model, is tested explicitly in MGCFA.In Jensen's test, this hypothesis is not tested directly, rather, some (but not all) aspects of SFI are investigated piecemeal in the prescribed procedure of Jensen's test (Jensen, 1992).”
From Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (2000) · cites this paper as Meredith, 1993
The finding that SFI is tenable suggests that the tests are unbiased with respect to group.
“As mentioned, this finding suggests that the tests are unbiased with respect to group (Millsap, 1997a(Millsap, , 1997b;;Mellenbergh, 1989;Meredith, 1993).”
From Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (2000) · cites this paper as Meredith, 1993

Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests
Jöreskog, K. G. (1971) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291393 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Item bias and item response theory
Mellenbergh, G. J. (1989) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/0883-0355(89)90002-5 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Multiple Group IRT Modeling: Applications to Item Bias Analysis
Muthén, B., & Lehman, J. (1985) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986010002133 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217 · see citing works
A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442810031002 · Cited by 7,997 · see citing works
Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004 · Cited by 4,369 · see citing works
“) Although a required component for full factorial invariance (Meredith, 1993), testing for residual invariance is not a prerequisite for testing mean differences because the residuals are not part of the latent factor, so invariance”
Background
Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis
Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
The theoretical status of latent variables.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.203 · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Academic Self-Concept, Interest, Grades, and Standardized Test Scores: Reciprocal Effects Models of Causal Ordering
Marsh, H. W., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., Köller, O., & Baumert, J. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00853.x · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain.
Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997) · The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research. · doi:10.1037/10222-009 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Models of Reciprocal Effects
Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., Marsh, H. W., Murayama, K., & Goetz, T. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12704 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
TEACHER’S CORNER: Testing Measurement Invariance of Second-Order Factor Models
Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research
Chen, F. F. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013193 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets
Curran, P. J., & Hussong, A. M. (2009) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0015914 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.
Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Assessing the Hypothesis of Measurement Invariance in the Context of Large-Scale International Surveys
Rutkowski, L., & Svetina, D. (2014) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413498257 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Psychometric perspectives on diagnostic systems
Borsboom, D. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20503 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)
Studerus, E., Gamma, A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012412 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
An Essay on Measurement and Factorial Invariance
Meredith, W., & Teresi, J. A. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000245438.73837.89 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Self-citation
Developmental cognitive neuroscience using latent change score models: A tutorial and applications
Kievit, R. A., Brandmaier, A. M., Ziegler, G., van Harmelen, A.-L., de Mooij, S. M. M., Moutoussis, M., Goodyer, I. M., Bullmore, E., Jones, P. B., Fonagy, P., et al. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.11.007 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Adult age differences in task switching.
Kray, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2000) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.126 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Testing Measurement Invariance and Comparing Latent Factor Means Within a Confirmatory Factor Analysis Framework
Sass, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406661 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 Remote working: an investigation using the Italian translation of the technostress creators scale
Molino, M., Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Manuti, A., Giancaspro, M. L., Russo, V., Zito, M., & Cortese, C. G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12155911 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Translation and Validation of Body Image Instruments: Challenges, Good Practice Guidelines, and Reporting Recommendations for Test Adaptation
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures
Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V. I., Little, T. D., Sheldon, K. M., Timoshina, E., & Deci, E. L. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992510007 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures.
Liu, Y., Millsap, R. E., West, S. G., Tein, J.-Y., Tanaka, R., & Grimm, K. J. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000075 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Measuring depression over time … Or not? Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Epskamp, S., Schoevers, R. A., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000275 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
The development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS)
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2018) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Examination of the factorial structure of adverse childhood experiences and recommendations for three subscale scores
Ford, D. C., Merrick, M. T., Parks, S. E., Breiding, M. J., Gilbert, L. K., Edwards, V. J., Dhingra, S. S., Barile, J. P., & Thompson, W. W. (2014) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0037723 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues
Hertzog, C., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.639 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of Assessing User Satisfaction With Web-Based Health Interventions
Boß, L., Lehr, D., Reis, D., Vis, C., Riper, H., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5952 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth
SHIRTCLIFF, E. A., GRANGER, D. A., BOOTH, A., & JOHNSON, D. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050091 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Friendships and family support reduce subsequent depressive symptoms in at‐risk adolescents
van Harmelen, A.-L., Gibson, J. L., St Clair, M. C., Owens, M., Brodbeck, J., Dunn, V., Lewis, G., Croudace, T., Jones, P. B., Kievit, R. A., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153715 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality
Del Giudice, M., Booth, T., & Irwing, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029265 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Memory Maintenance and Inhibitory Control Differentiate from Early Childhood to Adolescence
Shing, Y. L., Lindenberger, U., Diamond, A., Li, S.-C., & Davidson, M. C. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.508546 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Construct validity of the multidimensional structure of bullying and victimization: An application of exploratory structural equation modeling.
Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., Morin, A. J. S., Parada, R. H., Craven, R. G., & Hamilton, L. R. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024122 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Measurement Invariance in International Surveys: Categorical Indicators and Fit Measure Performance
Rutkowski, L., & Svetina, D. (2017) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1080/08957347.2016.1243540 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Male Role Norms Inventory–Short Form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender.
Levant, R. F., Hall, R. J., & Rankin, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031545 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Effects of the KiVa Anti-bullying Program on Adolescents’ Depression, Anxiety, and Perception of Peers
Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9551-1 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The psychometric properties of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in a general population sample of adolescents
Mewton, L., Kessler, R. C., Slade, T., Hobbs, M. J., Brownhill, L., Birrell, L., Tonks, Z., Teesson, M., Newton, N., Chapman, C., et al. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000239 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
A multilevel examination of racial disparities in high school discipline: Black and white adolescents’ perceived equity, school belonging, and adjustment problems.
Bottiani, J. H., Bradshaw, C. P., & Mendelson, T. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000155 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Cross-cultural validity of the food-related lifestyles instrument (FRL) within Western Europe
Scholderer, J., Brunsø, K., Bredahl, L., & Grunert, K. G. (2004) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2003.11.005 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Race/ethnicity and measurement equivalence of the Everyday Discrimination Scale
Kim, G., Sellbom, M., & Ford, K.-L. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036431 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes
Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Hicks, B. M. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001572 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development?
Schaie, K. W. (2005) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0203_4 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Observations of teacher-child interactions in classrooms serving Latinos and dual language learners: Applicability of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System in diverse settings
Downer, J. T., López, M. L., Grimm, K. J., Hamagami, A., Pianta, R. C., & Howes, C. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.07.005 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale (CSBD-19): An ICD-11 based screening measure across three languages
Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., Griffiths, M. D., Kraus, S. W., Klein, V., Fuss, J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00034 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Longitudinal relationships among problematic mobile phone use, bedtime procrastination, sleep quality and depressive symptoms in Chinese college students: a cross-lagged panel analysis
Cui, G., Yin, Y., Li, S., Chen, L., Liu, X., Tang, K., & Li, Y. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03451-4 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale across demographic groups.
Ritschel, L. A., Tone, E. B., Schoemann, A. M., & Lim, N. E. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000099 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The Anxiety-Buffer Hypothesis in the Time of COVID-19: When Self-Esteem Protects From the Impact of Loneliness and Fear on Anxiety and Depression
Rossi, A., Panzeri, A., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02177 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“010 suggest the absence of the bias (Meredith, 1993; Vandenberg and Lance, 2000; Cheung and Rensvold, 2002; Chen, 2007; Millsap, 2012; Brown, 2015).”
Background
Organic food consumption in Europe: international segmentation based on value system differences
Ruiz de Maya, S., López-López, I., & Munuera, J. L. (2011) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.019 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Data Analysis in Social Psychology: Recent and Recurring Issues
Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001004 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Trajectories of change in emotion regulation and social anxiety during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder
Goldin, P. R., Lee, I., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.005 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
A conceptual and psychometric framework for distinguishing categories and dimensions
De Boeck, P., Wilson, M., & Acton, G. S. (2005) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.112.1.129 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Attachment and self‐evaluation in Chinese adolescents: Age and gender differences
Song, H., Thompson, R. A., & Ferrer, E. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Canadian university students in wireless classrooms: What do they do on their laptops and does it really matter?
Gaudreau, P., Miranda, D., & Gareau, A. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.08.019 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Understanding self-compassion in adolescents: validation study of the Self-Compassion scale
Cunha, M., Xavier, A., & Castilho, P. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.023 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10): evaluation of dimensionality, validity, and measurement invariance with exploratory and confirmatory bifactor modeling
Reis, D., Lehr, D., Heber, E., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117715731 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Stereotype Threat and Group Differences in Test Performance: A Question of Measurement Invariance.
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Hessen, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.696 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Breaking the double-edged sword of effort/trying hard: Developmental equilibrium and longitudinal relations among effort, achievement, and academic self-concept.
Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., Guo, J., Arens, A. K., & Murayama, K. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000146 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
On the relationship between sources of within- and between-group differences and measurement invariance in the common factor model
Lubke, G. (2003) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(03)00051-5 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Working memory and intelligence in children: What develops?
Swanson, H. L. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.581 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-esteem and relationship satisfaction during the transition to motherhood.
van Scheppingen, M. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Chung, J. M., Tambs, K., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000156 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Contributions of modern measurement theory to measuring executive function in early childhood: An empirical demonstration
Willoughby, M. T., Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. B. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.04.007 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Testing for such differences is broadly known in the psychometric literature as testing for measurement invariance (Meredith, 1993).”
Background
Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 among treatment-seeking smokers.
Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., Allan, N. P., Hogan, J., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000112 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Investigating Spearman's Hypothesis by Means of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Dolan, C. V. (2000) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Longitudinal assessment of trait emotional intelligence: Measurement invariance and construct continuity from late childhood to adolescence.
Keefer, K. V., Holden, R. R., & Parker, J. D. A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033903 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Importance of Measurement Invariance in Neurocognitive Ability Testing
Wicherts, J. M. (2016) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1205136 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The factor structure of executive function in childhood and adolescence.
Laureys, F., De Waelle, S., Barendse, M. T., Lenoir, M., & Deconinck, F. J. A. (2022) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101600 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Disrupting Intergenerational Continuity in Harsh and Abusive Parenting: The Importance of a Nurturing Relationship With a Romantic Partner
Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. J., Neppl, T. K., & Merrick, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety
Caci, H., Baylé, F. J., Dossios, C., Robert, P., & Boyer, P. (2003) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.05.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Heidelberg Form for Emotion Regulation Strategies (HFERST): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity
Izadpanah, S., Barnow, S., Neubauer, A. B., & Holl, J. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117720283 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Multi-group and hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition: What does it measure?
Reynolds, M. R., & Keith, T. Z. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.02.005 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Refinement of anxiety sensitivity measurement: the short scale anxiety sensitivity index (SSASI)
Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Fergus, T. A., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Shepherd, J. M., Mayorga, N. A., Kelley, L. P., Griggs, J. O., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.115 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Developmental Trajectories of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescence
Wright, A. G. C., Zalewski, M., Hallquist, M. N., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_200 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Still Comparing Apples With Oranges?: Some Thoughts on the Principles and Practices of Measurement Invariance Testing
Greiff, S., & Scherer, R. (2018) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000487 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Validation of the Peds<scp>QL</scp> Epilepsy Module: A pediatric epilepsy‐specific health‐related quality of life measure
Modi, A. C., Junger, K. F., Mara, C. A., Kellermann, T., Barrett, L., Wagner, J., Mucci, G. A., Bailey, L., Almane, D., Guilfoyle, S. M., et al. (2017) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13875 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
<p>Examining psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form (SCS-SF) in nursing students and medical workers</p>
Meng, R., Yu, Y., Chai, S., Luo, X., Gong, B., Liu, B., Hu, Y., Luo, Y., & Yu, C. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s216411 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Relations Among Chronic Peer Group Rejection, Maladaptive Behavioral Dispositions, and Early Adolescents' Peer Perceptions
Ladd, G. W., Ettekal, I., Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., Rudolph, K. D., & Andrews, R. K. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12214 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Assessing Positive Body Image, Body Satisfaction, Weight Bias, and Appearance Comparison in Emerging Adults: A Cross-Validation Study across Eight Countries
Aimé, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Dion, J., Markey, C. H., Strodl, E., McCabe, M., Mellor, D., Granero Gallegos, A., Pietrabissa, G., Alcaraz-Ibánez, M., et al. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.014 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Smith, Z. R., Eadeh, H.-M., Breaux, R. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000671 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Are parenting practices associated with the development of narcissism? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth
Wetzel, E., & Robins, R. W. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Two failures of Spearman's hypothesis: The GATB in Holland and the JAT in South Africa
Dolan, C. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.09.001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cross-Validation of the Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) in Child Welfare Service Organizations
Finn, N. K., Torres, E. M., Ehrhart, M. G., Roesch, S. C., & Aarons, G. A. (2016) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559516638768 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Measurement invariance of cognitive abilities across ethnicity, gender, and time among older Americans
Blankson, A. N., & McArdle, J. J. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt106 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparing RMSEA-Based Indices for Assessing Measurement Invariance in Confirmatory Factor Models
Beribisky, N., & Hancock, G. R. (2024) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644231202949 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“My Name is Alexa. What’s Your Name?” The Impact of Reciprocal Self-Disclosure on Post-Interaction Trust in Conversational Agents
Saffarizadeh, K., University of Texas at Arlington, Keil, M., Georgia State University, Boodraj, M., Boise State University, Alashoor, T., & University of Navarra (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00839 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Structure, measurement, and development of preschool executive function
Nelson, J. M., James, T. D., Chevalier, N., Clark, C. A. C., & Espy, K. A. (2016) · Executive function in preschool-age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment, and translational research. · doi:10.1037/14797-004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Uncovering Relations Between Leadership Perceptions and Motivation Under Different Organizational Contexts: a Multilevel Cross-lagged Analysis
Gagné, M., Morin, A. J. S., Schabram, K., Wang, Z. N., Chemolli, E., & Briand, M. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09649-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
What cultural values determine student self-efficacy? An empirical study for 42 countries and economies
Jin, R., Wu, R., Xia, Y., & Zhao, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177415 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
New developments in the assessment of weight-related experiential avoidance (AAQW-Revised)
Palmeira, L., Cunha, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Carvalho, S., & Lillis, J. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.06.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES FOR CHILDREN-FOURTH EDITION AMONG REFERRED NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS: Factor Structure of WISC-IV Among Native Americans
Nakano, S., & Watkins, M. W. (2013) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21724 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Psychometric Costs of Applicants' Faking: Examining Measurement Invariance and Retest Correlations Across Response Conditions
Krammer, G., Sommer, M., & Arendasy, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1285781 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“If any of these equality constraints failed to fit the data, constraints were successively relaxed, and the models again compared (cf. Meredith, 1993; Vandenberg & Lance, 2000).”
Background
Latent Mean and Covariance Differences with Measurement Equivalence in College Students with Developmental Difficulties versus the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III/Wechsler Memory Scale–III Normative Sample
Bowden, S. C., Gregg, N., Bandalos, D., Davis, M., Coleman, C., Holdnack, J. A., & Weiss, L. G. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164407310126 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Is the Cattell–Horn–Carroll-based factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition (WISC-V) construct invariant for a representative sample of African–American, Hispanic, and Caucasian male and female students ages 6 to 16 years?
Scheiber, C. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-016-0019-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Developments on committed action: validity of the CAQ-8 and analysis of committed action’s role in depressive symptomatology in breast cancer patients and healthy individuals.
Trindade, I. A., Marta‐Simões, J., Ferreira, C., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2125 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Role of Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism in Psychological Perpetrated Abuse Within Couple Relationships: The Mediating Role of Romantic Jealousy
Ponti, L., Ghinassi, S., & Tani, F. (2020) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2019.1679069 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Does negative teacher behavior influence student self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation?
Shukla, K. D., Kuril, S., & Chand, V. S. (2020) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101653 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Interindividual differences in treatment effects based on structural equation models with latent variables: an EffectLiteR tutorial
Mayer, A., Zimmermann, J., Hoyer, J., Salzer, S., Wiltink, J., Leibing, E., & Leichsenring, F. (2020) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2019.1671196 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Evaluating Factorial Invariance: An Interval Estimation Approach Using Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling
Shi, D., Song, H., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., McDaniel, H. L., & Jiang, Z. (2019) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2018.1514484 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Untitled work
Schermelleh-Engel (2003) · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.07.017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Authors: Meredith, W.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Meredith, William
Venue: Psychometrika
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1993-12
Volume: 58
Issue: 4
Pages: 525-543
ISSN: 0033-3123 (ISSN-L)
1860-0980
DOI: 10.1007/bf02294825
OpenAlex: W1963742443
Cited by: 4,536
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 255 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 247 · 2023: 249 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 305 · 2020: 281 · 2019: 234 · 2018: 244 · 2017: 234 · 2016: 242 · 2015: 233 · 2014: 252 · 2013: 189 · 2012: 151
FWCI: 9.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 11354 d)
Locations: Psychometrika (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: measurement invariance, structural bias, differential item functioning, test bias, admissions testing, salary equity, latent variables

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Record

About these checks