Cited by 364Mental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires

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Patel, V., Araya, R., Chowdhary, N., King, M., Kirkwood, B., Nayak, S., Simon, G., Weiss, H. A.·2008·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291707002334PMC PMC4959557

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Abstract

Background: Screening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires. Method: Adult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ, nine items); the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, 10 items), and from which we could extract the score of the shorter 6-item K6; and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ, 20 items). All participants were interviewed with a structured lay diagnostic interview, the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Results: Complete data were available for 598 participants (participation rate 99.3%). All five questionnaires showed moderate to high discriminating ability; the GHQ and SRQ showed the best results. All five showed moderate to high degrees of correlation with one another, the poorest being between the two shortest questionnaires, K6 and PHQ. All five had relatively good internal consistency. However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the questionnaires compared with the diagnostic interview ranged from 51% to 77% at the optimal cut-off scores. Conclusions: There is little difference in the ability of these questionnaires to identify cases accurately, but none showed high PPVs without a considerable compromise on sensitivity. Hence, the choice of an optimum cut-off score that yields the best balance between sensitivity and PPV may need to be tailored to individual settings, with a higher cut-off being recommended in resource-limited primary-care settings.

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Authors: Patel, V., Araya, R., Chowdhary, N., King, M., Kirkwood, B., Nayak, S., Simon, G., & Weiss, H. A.
Affiliations: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of Bristol (GB)
Sangath (IN)
The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
Group Health Cooperative (US)
Corresponding author: Patel, V.
ORCID: Patel, V.
Araya, R.
Chowdhary, N.
King, M.
Kirkwood, B.
Simon, G.
Weiss, H. A.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2007-11-30
Volume: 38
Issue: 2
Pages: 221-228
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291707002334
PMC: PMC4959557
OpenAlex: W2114480195
Cited by: 364
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 12.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (076783)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: common mental disorders, mental health screening, screening questionnaire, primary care, General Health Questionnaire, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, positive predictive value, sensitivity, cut-off values, resource-limited settings, India
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, India, Interview, Psychological, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence

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Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires

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