The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Abstract
Background. Two new screening scales for psychological distress, the K6 and K10, have been developed but their relative efficiency has not been evaluated in comparison with existing scales. Method. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, a nationally representative household survey, administered the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess 30-day DSM-IV disorders. The K6 and K10 were also administered along with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the current de facto standard of mental health screening. Performance of the three screening scales in detecting CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders was assessed by calculating the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Stratum-Specific Likelihood Ratios (SSLRs) were computed to help produce individual-level predicted probabilities of being a case from screening scale scores in other samples. Results. The K10 was marginally better than the K6 in screening for CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders (K10 AUC: 0·90, 95%CI: 0·89–0·91 versus K6 AUC: 0·89, 95%CI: 0·88–0·90), while both were significantly better than the GHQ-12 (AUC: 0·80, 95%CI: 0·78–0·82). The SSLRs of the K10 and K6 were more informative in ruling in or out the target disorders than those of the GHQ-12 at both ends of the population spectrum. The K6 was more robust than the K10 to subsample variation. Conclusions. While the K10 might outperform the K6 in screening for severe disorders, the K6 is preferred in screening for any DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorder because of its brevity and consistency across subsamples. Precision of individual-level prediction is greatly improved by using polychotomous rather than dichotomous classification.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The K-10 has been used as a screener to accurately detect common mental disorders.
“The K-10 has been used as a screener to accurately detect common mental disorders.24”
From Evaluating a stepped care model of psychological support for adults affected by adversity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Jordan (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The K10 has good reliability (α = 0.93) and validity.
“This measure has good reliability (α = 0.93) (44) and validity (45).”
From The acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a supported online self-help treatment program for binge-eating disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
Several Australian studies using national survey data support the psychometric properties of the K10 including its validity as a measure of distress and as screen for mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive conditions.
“Several Australian studies using national survey data support the psychometric properties of the K10 including its validity as a measure of distress and as screen for mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depressive conditions (1, 42, 43).”
The K-10 has excellent psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (α = 0.93) and discriminant validity.
“The K-10 has excellent psychometric properties (Andrews and Slade, 2001), including high internal consistency (α = 0.93; Kessler et al., 2002) and discriminant validity (Furukawa et al., 2003).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Furukawa et al., 2003
Cites
Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1983) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708 · Cited by 7,016 · see citing works
(1988) · NFER-Nelson eBooks · Cited by 5,560 · see citing works
The Validity of Two Versions of the GHQ in the WHO Study of Mental Illness in General Health Care
GOLDBERG, D. P., GATER, R., SARTORIUS, N., USTUN, T. B., PICCINELLI, M., GUREJE, O., & RUTTER, C. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004242 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
Fagan, T. J. (1975) · New England Journal of Medicine · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for serious mental illness in the general population
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S.-L. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., et al. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184 · Cited by 5,692 · see citing works
Self-citationKessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · see citing works
Self-citationThe performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan
Furukawa, T. A., Kawakami, N., Saitoh, M., Ono, Y., Nakane, Y., Nakamura, Y., Tachimori, H., Iwata, N., Uda, H., Nakane, H., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.257 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
Self-citationKessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T. A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.310 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data
Stallman, H. M. (2010) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2010.482109 · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
Prochaska, J. J., Sung, H., Max, W., Shi, Y., & Ong, M. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1349 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P. J., de Jong, P. J., van Marwijk, H., Assendelft, W. J., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.256 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Neighborhood Effects on the Long-Term Well-Being of Low-Income Adults
Ludwig, J., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kessler, R. C., Kling, J. R., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1224648 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Self-citationSakurai, K., Nishi, A., Kondo, K., Yanagida, K., & Kawakami, N. (2011) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02236.x · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina
Kessler, R. C., Galea, S., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Ursano, R. J., & Wessely, S. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002119 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Self-citationExposure to Hurricane-Related Stressors and Mental Illness After Hurricane Katrina
Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D. W., King, L. A., McNally, R. J., Ursano, R. J., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1427 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, M. R., Agho, K. E., Stevens, G. J., & Raphael, B. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-347 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Bullying Experiences Among Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Cappadocia, M. C., Weiss, J. A., & Pepler, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1241-x · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Psychological Distress
Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu‐Prévost, D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30872 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
What's under the ROC? An Introduction to Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves
Streiner, D. L., & Cairney, J. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200210 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Smoking and mental illness: results from population surveys in Australia and the United States
Lawrence, D., Mitrou, F., & Zubrick, S. R. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-285 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Gee, G. C., Ro, A. E., Shariff‐Marco, S., & Chae, D. H. (2009) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxp009 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Association of urban green space with mental health and general health among adults in Australia
Astell-Burt, T., & Feng, X. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8209 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Yip, T., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Staples, L. G., Dear, B. F., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V., Fogliati, R., Karin, E., Nielssen, O., & Titov, N. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Ng, S., Cameron, C. M., Hills, A. P., McClure, R., & Scuffham, P. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-314 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Francis, J., Wood, L. J., Knuiman, M., & Giles-Corti, B. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.032 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Slade, T., Grove, R., & Burgess, P. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.543653 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality.
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026743 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Patel, V., Araya, R., Chowdhary, N., King, M., Kirkwood, B., Nayak, S., Simon, G., & Weiss, H. A. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707002334 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Kale, H. P., & Carroll, N. V. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29808 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
CBT for depression: a pilot RCT comparing mobile phone vs. computer
Watts, S., Mackenzie, A., Thomas, C., Griskaitis, A., Mewton, L., Williams, A., & Andrews, G. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-49 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity Resilience: Models, Metaphors and Measures
Kirmayer, L. J., Social, D. O., & Johns, M. S. (2013) · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Meyer, O. L., Castro‐Schilo, L., & Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302003 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Anxiety measures validated in perinatal populations: A systematic review
Meades, R., & Ayers, S. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.009 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“…has shown robust psychometric properties in non-perinatal samples and had substantially better validity coefficients than the GHQ-12 in discriminating cases of anxiety and mood disorders in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being (Kessler et al., 2002; Furukawa et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRahman, M. A., Hoque, N., Alif, S. M., Salehin, M., Islam, S. M. S., Banik, B., Sharif, A., Nazim, N. B., Sultana, F., & Cross, W. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00624-w · Cited by 327 · see citing works
A Portrait of Health: Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey
Gerritsen, S., Stefanogiannis, N., Galloway, Y., Devlin, M., Templeton, R., & Yeh, L. (2008) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Olesen, S. C., Butterworth, P., Rodgers, B., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.11.005 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Chronic pain and frequent use of health care
Blyth, F., MARCH, L. M., Brnabic, A. J. M., & Cousins, M. J. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.020 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Chen, W., Hall, B. J., Ling, L., & Renzaho, A. M. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30032-9 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use
Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M., & Andrews, G. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103960 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationMartin, J., Hiscock, H., Hardy, P., Davey, B., & Wake, M. A. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2569 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Dominick, C. H., Blyth, F., & Nicholas, M. K. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.018 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Jensen, M., George, M. J., Russell, M. R., & Odgers, C. L. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619859336 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Raggatt, M., Wright, C. J. C., Carrotte, E., Jenkinson, R., Mulgrew, K., Prichard, I., & Lim, M. S. C. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5930-7 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown the K10 scale to have good validity and reliability [22, 24].”
MethodThe impact of COVID-19 on the lives and mental health of Australian adolescents
Li, S. H., Beames, J. R., Newby, J. M., Maston, K., Christensen, H., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01790-x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-management of chronic pain: a population-based study
Blyth, F., MARCH, L. M., Nicholas, M. K., & Cousins, M. J. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Changing Work, Changing Health
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., Tranby, E. P., & Huang, Q. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146511418979 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The Kessler psychological distress scale: Translation and validation of an Arabic version
Easton, S. D., Safadi, N. S., Wang, Y., & Hasson, R. G. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0783-9 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Workplace stress, mental health, and burnout of veterinarians in Australia
Hatch, P. M., Winefield, H. R., Christie, B., & Lievaart, J. J. (2011) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00833.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Weiss, J. A., Cappadocia, M. C., MacMullin, J. A., Viecili, M., & Lunsky, Y. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311422708 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., Wade, T. J., Kurdyak, P. A., & Streiner, D. L. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200209 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Yabe, H., Suzuki, Y., Mashiko, H., Nakayama, Y., Hisata, M., Niwa, S., Yasumura, S., Yamashita, S., Kamiya, K., Abe, M., et al. (2014) · FUKUSHIMA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.5387/fms.2014-1 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Lebrun‐Harris, L. A., Baggett, T. P., Jenkins, D. M., Sripipatana, A., Sharma, R., Hayashi, A. S., Daly, C. A., & Ngo‐Metzger, Q. (2013) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12009 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Tesfaye, M., Hanlon, C., Wondimagegn, D., & Alem, A. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.020 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Mental Ill-Health and the Differential Effect of Employee Type on Absenteeism and Presenteeism
Hilton, M. F., Scuffham, P., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., & Whiteford, H. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31818c30a8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Mewton, L., Kessler, R. C., Slade, T., Hobbs, M. J., Brownhill, L., Birrell, L., Tonks, Z., Teesson, M., Newton, N., Chapman, C., et al. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000239 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological distress in parents of children with advanced cancer
Rosenberg, A. R., Dussel, V., Kang, T., Geyer, J., Gerhardt, C. A., Feudtner, C., & Wolfe, J. (2013) · JAMA pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.628 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Disparities in mental health service use of racial and ethnic minority elderly adults
Jimenez, D. E., Cook, B., Bartels, S. J., & Alegría, M. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12063 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“The K6 scale has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 89%(23) and can discriminate Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) cases from noncases with consistency across sociodemographic subsamples.(24) Second, the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2)(25) scale for detec…”
BackgroundFussell, E., & Lowe, S. R. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.025 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Rios, R., Aiken, L. S., & Zautra, A. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9306-9 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Validity of brief screening questionnaires to detect depression in primary care in Ethiopia
Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Selamu, M., Breuer, E., Dubale, B. W., Hailemariam, M., Lund, C., Prince, M. J., & Fekadu, A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.015 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Association between weight perception and psychological distress
Atlantis, E. E., & Ball, K. (2007) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803762 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Rhodes, J., Chan, C., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., Waters, M., & Fussell, E. (2010) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01027.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Yamamoto, T., Uchiumi, C., Suzuki, N., Yoshimoto, J., & Murillo‐Rodríguez, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249382 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Impact of music therapy to promote positive parenting and child development
Nicholson, J. M., Berthelsen, D., Abad, V., Williams, K., & Bradley, J. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105307086705 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Mackenzie, A., Williams, A. D., McIntyre, K., Watts, S., Wong, N., & Andrews, G. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000111 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationFassaert, T. J. L., de Wit, M. A. S., Tuinebreijer, W. C., Wouters, H., Verhoeff, A. P., Beekman, A. T. F., & Dekker, J. (2009) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.288 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Kahn, R. S., Brandt, D. M., & Whitaker, R. C. (2004) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.8.721 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Assessment of mood: Guides for clinicians
Furukawa, T. A. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.05.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationFactor structure and interpretation of the K10.
Brooks, R. T., Beard, J., & Steel, Z. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.62 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., Katz, L. F., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.588942 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The validity of the Dutch K10 and extended K10 screening scales for depressive and anxiety disorders
Donker, T., Comijs, H., Cuijpers, P., Terluin, B., Nolen, W., Zitman, F., & Penninx, B. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.012 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Paxson, C. H., Fussell, E., Rhodes, J. E., & Waters, M. C. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.004 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Lowe, S. R., Manove, E. E., & Rhodes, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033252 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Harrison, L. J., & McLeod, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0086 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Relationship between physical activity and general mental health
Kim, Y. S., Park, Y. S., Allegrante, J. P., Marks, R., Ok, H., Ok Cho, K., & Garber, C. E. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.08.021 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Psychometric Properties of PHQ-4 Depression and Anxiety Screening Scale Among College Students
Khubchandani, J., Brey, R., Kotecki, J., Kleinfelder, J., & Anderson, J. (2016) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.01.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Vulnerability of Older Latino and Asian Immigrants with Limited English Proficiency
Kim, G., Worley, C. B., Allen, R. S., Vinson, L. D., Crowther, M. R., Parmelee, P. A., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03483.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Cornelius, B., Groothoff, J. W., van der Klink, J. J., & Brouwer, S. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-128 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Chan, C. S., & Rhodes, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21801 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Employment Status of People With Mental Illness: National Survey Data From 2009 and 2010
Luciano, A., & Meara, E. R. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300335 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Dunn, M., Degenhardt, L. J., Campbell, G., George, J., Johnston, J., Kinner, S. A., Matthews, A. J., Newman, J., & White, N. E. (2007) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Loughnan, S. A., Sie, A., Hobbs, M. J., Joubert, A. E., Smith, J., Haskelberg, H., Mahoney, A. E. J., Kladnitski, N., Holt, C. J., Milgrom, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.057 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationNot all hours are equal: could time be a social determinant of health?
Strazdins, L. M., Welsh, J., Korda, R., Broom, D., & Paolucci, F. (2015) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12300 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Astell‐Burt, T., Feng, X., & Kolt, G. S. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003094 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The effects of early paternal depression on children's development
Fletcher, R. J., Feeman, E., Garfield, C., & Vimpani, G. (2011) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja11.10192 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Psychological Distress in Employees and Associated Occupational Risk Factors
Hilton, M. F., Whiteford, H. A., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., Chant, D. C., Wang, P. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31817e9171 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersen, L. S., Grimsrud, A., Myer, L., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.351 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Smoking and the Reduced Life Expectancy of Individuals With Serious Mental Illness
Tam, J., Warner, K. E., & Meza, R. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.007 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Maser, B., Danilewitz, M., Guérin, E., Findlay, L., & Frank, E. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002958 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Limited English proficiency and psychological distress among Latinos and Asian Americans
Zhang, W., Hong, S., Takeuchi, D. T., & Mossakowski, K. N. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.012 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cooklin, A., Westrupp, E. M., Strazdins, L. M., Giallo, R., Martin, A. J., & Nicholson, J. M. (2014) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12137 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The University Stress Scale: Measuring Domains and Extent of Stress in University Students
Stallman, H. M., & Hurst, C. P. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12127 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Vogan, V., Lake, J. K., Tint, A., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2017) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.11.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Batterham, P. J., Sunderland, M., Carragher, N., Calear, A. L., Mackinnon, A. J., & Slade, T. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.10.005 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationHaswell, M., Kavanagh, D. J., Tsey, K., Reilly, L., Cadet‐James, Y., Laliberté, A., Wilson, A. J., & Doran, C. M. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.482919 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Mitchison, D., Hay, P., Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B., Bentley, C., Gratwick‐Sarll, K., Harrison, C., & Mond, J. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22592 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Changes in Gambling Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Web Survey Study in Sweden
Håkansson, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17114013 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
High School Dropouts in Emerging Adulthood: Substance Use, Mental Health Problems, and Crime
Maynard, B. R., Salas‐Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9760-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Language Problems in Children with ADHD: A Community-Based Study
Sciberras, E., Mueller, K. L., Efron, D., Bisset, M., Anderson, V., Schilpzand, E. J., Jongeling, B., & Nicholson, J. M. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3355 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Peisah, C., LATIF, E. A., Wilhelm, K. A., & Williams, B. W. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802459831 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Trends in Serious Psychological Distress and Outpatient Mental Health Care of US Adults
Olfson, M., Wang, S., Wall, M. M., Marcus, S. C., & Blanco, C. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3550 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Mitchell, C. M., & Beals, J. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0023288 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
- Authors
- FURUKAWA, T. A., KESSLER, R. C., SLADE, T., & ANDREWS, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 357-362
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2167044045
- Cited by
- 1,570
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 15.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH-60220, U01MH060220)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA012058, R01 DA12058)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- K6, K10, psychological distress screening, GHQ-12, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, DSM-IV disorders, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, receiver operating characteristic, personalized prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Australia, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Reproducibility of Results, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
