The DOI matches its Crossref record; 163 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The role of social evaluative threat and reward processing
Open accessAbstract
Background: Depression is a leading cause of worldwide disability. Adolescence represents a key developmental window in which rates of this disorder increase markedly. Children with an anxiety disorder show a particular risk of developing depression during adolescence. Method: We present and review evidence for a developmental model that considers the intersection of two vulnerabilities relevant to the trajectory from anxiety to depression: difficulties in response to potential social evaluation and changes in reward processing at puberty. Results: Evidence suggests that these vulnerabilities ( a ) have been associated with depression, ( b ) are likely to be problematic in many, but not all, anxious youth, and ( c ) may be exacerbated by maturational processes that occur around pubertal development in ways that can create a negative spiral into a depressive disorder. Conclusions: We discuss the possibility that early intervention strategies targeting key aspects of these vulnerabilities could alter the trajectory away from depression for many anxious youth.
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“Silk et al. (2012) theorized that youth with anxiety disorders experience a heightened sensitivity to social evaluative threat and altered reward processing, which interact during adolescence to influence the onset of depression.”
From Neural Activation to Parental Praise Interacts With Social Context to Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as Silk et al., 2012
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“and is thought to heighten susceptibility to disorder by leading to hyperactivity of the HPA axis [38,39] and up-regulating proinflammatory immune responses [40].”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Nevertheless, it should also be recognised that clinical manifestations of depression can result from asocial causes that produce neurobiological abnormalities typically associated with dysregulated mood (e.g., proinflammatory immune responses induced by illness and medications; 40).”
From The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034733 · Cited by 1,028
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576
The development of social cognition in adolescence: An integrated perspective
Kilford, E. J., Garrett, E., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016 · Cited by 412
Hanson, J. L., Hariri, A. R., & Williamson, D. E. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.010 · Cited by 338
The neurobiology of the emotional adolescent: From the inside out
Guyer, A. E., Silk, J. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.037 · Cited by 379
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Metadata
- Authors
- Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., & Forbes, E. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Silk, J. S.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-02-17
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2095-2107
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC3360132
- OpenAlex
- W2132242506
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091327)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety, adolescent depression, social-evaluative threat, reward processing, pubertal development, developmental model, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Reward, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Social Behavior
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