Cited by 155Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The role of social evaluative threat and reward processing

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Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E.·2012·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291712000207PMC PMC3360132

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Abstract

Background: Depression is a leading cause of worldwide disability. Adolescence represents a key developmental window in which rates of this disorder increase markedly. Children with an anxiety disorder show a particular risk of developing depression during adolescence. Method: We present and review evidence for a developmental model that considers the intersection of two vulnerabilities relevant to the trajectory from anxiety to depression: difficulties in response to potential social evaluation and changes in reward processing at puberty. Results: Evidence suggests that these vulnerabilities ( a ) have been associated with depression, ( b ) are likely to be problematic in many, but not all, anxious youth, and ( c ) may be exacerbated by maturational processes that occur around pubertal development in ways that can create a negative spiral into a depressive disorder. Conclusions: We discuss the possibility that early intervention strategies targeting key aspects of these vulnerabilities could alter the trajectory away from depression for many anxious youth.

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Authors: Silk, J. S., Davis, S., McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., & Forbes, E. E.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Silk, J. S.
ORCID: Silk, J. S.
McMakin, D. L.
Dahl, R. E.
Forbes, E. E.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2012-02-17
Volume: 42
Issue: 10
Pages: 2095-2107
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712000207
PMC: PMC3360132
OpenAlex: W2132242506
Cited by: 155
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091327)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: childhood anxiety, adolescent depression, social-evaluative threat, reward processing, pubertal development, developmental model, early intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Reward, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Social Behavior

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Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The role of social evaluative threat and reward processing

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