Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Jacobson, Nicholas C.; Newman, Michelle G.

doi:10.1037/bul0000111

Cited by 576Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Research Topics

Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Jacobson, Nicholas C., Newman, Michelle G.·2017·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000111

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Abstract

Not only do anxiety and depression diagnoses tend to co-occur, but their symptoms are highly correlated. Although a plethora of research has examined longitudinal associations between anxiety and depression, these data have not yet been effectively synthesized. To address this need, the current study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 studies involving 88,336 persons examining the prospective relationship between anxiety and depression at both symptom and disorder levels. Using mixed-effect models, results suggested that all types of anxiety symptoms predicted later depressive symptoms (r = .34), and all types of depressive symptoms predicted later anxiety symptoms (r = .31). Although anxiety symptoms more strongly predicted depressive symptoms than vice versa, the difference in effect size for this analysis was very small and likely not clinically meaningful. Additionally, all types of diagnosed anxiety disorders predicted all types of later depressive disorders (OR = 2.77), and all depressive disorders predicted later anxiety disorders (OR = 2.73). Most anxiety and depressive disorders predicted each other with similar degrees of strength, but depressive disorders more strongly predicted social anxiety disorder (OR = 6.05) and specific phobia (OR = 2.93) than vice versa. Contrary to conclusions of prior reviews, our findings suggest that depressive disorders may be prodromes for social and specific phobia, whereas other anxiety and depressive disorders are bidirectional risk factors for one another. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Anxiety and depression both function as predictors of each other.
“Anxiety and depression are also known to be positively related (Jansson-Fröjmark and Lindblom, 2008) and both function as predictors of each other (Jacobson and Newman, 2017; Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al., 2019).”
From Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Newman, 2017

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Two-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)
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Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 806 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Handbook of Religion and Health
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Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies
Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., López‐Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Gracia‐García, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression
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Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
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Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology ( HiTOP ): III . Emotional dysfunction superspectrum
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Comorbidity between depression and anxiety: assessing the role of bridge mental states in dynamic psychological networks
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Networks of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Across Development
McElroy, E., Fearon, P. R. M., Belsky, J., Fonagy, P., & Patalay, P. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.027 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The impact of neighbourhood crime on mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Baranyi, G., Marco, M. H. D., Russ, T. C., Dibben, C. J. L., & Pearce, J. R. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114106 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A meta-analysis on heart rate variability biofeedback and depressive symptoms
Pizzoli, S. F. M., Marzorati, C., Gatti, D., Monzani, D., Mazzocco, K., & Pravettoni, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86149-7 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Network analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Bai, W., Xi, H., Zhu, Q., Ji, M., Zhang, H., Yang, B. X., Cai, H. X., Liu, R., Zhao, Y.-J., Chen, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.072 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Digital Biomarkers of Social Anxiety Severity: Digital Phenotyping Using Passive Smartphone Sensors
Jacobson, N. C., Summers, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16875 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citation
Network structure of depression and anxiety symptoms in Chinese female nursing students
Ren, L., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wei, Z., Cui, L., Wei, X., Hu, X., Peng, J., Jin, Y., Li, F., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03276-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Passive Sensing of Prediction of Moment-To-Moment Depressed Mood among Undergraduates with Clinical Levels of Depression Sample Using Smartphones
Jacobson, N. C., & Chung, Y. J. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123572 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence and risk factors for elevated anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, C. W., Wee, P. H., Low, L. L., Koong, A. Y. L., Htay, H., Fan, Q., Foo, M., & Seng, J. J. B. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.12.003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders
Maiuolo, J., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Carresi, C., Scarano, F., Nucera, S., Scicchitano, M., Oppedisano, F., Bosco, F., Ruga, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.616883 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Urinary biomarker panel for diagnosing patients with depression and anxiety disorders
Chen, J., Bai, S., Li, W., Zhou, C., Zheng, P., Fang, L., Wang, H., Liu, Y., & Xie, P. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0245-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The longitudinal influences of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences at family, school, and neighborhood on adolescent depression and anxiety
Wang, D., Jiang, Q., Yang, Z., & Choi, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.108 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model
Katz, B. A., Matanky, K., Aviram, G., & Yovel, I. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The impact of social distancing during COVID-19: A conditional process model of negative emotions, alienation, affective disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Li, C., & Yang, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Feng, Y., Zong, M., Yang, Z., Gu, W., Dong, D., & Qiao, Z. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00587-y · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Perceived emotional social support in bereaved spouses mediates the relationship between anxiety and depression
Jacobson, N. C., Lord, K. A., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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Using digital phenotyping to accurately detect depression severity
Jacobson, N. C., Weingarden, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2019) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001042 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Whitney, D. G., Warschausky, S. A., Ng, S., Hurvitz, E. A., Kamdar, N. S., & Peterson, M. D. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-3420 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Comorbidity Between Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents: Bridge Symptoms and Relevance of Risk and Protective Factors
Konaç, D., Young, K. S., Lau, J. Y. F., & Barker, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09880-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Anxiety and depressive symptoms in college students during the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak: a network approach
Bai, W., Cai, H., Liu, S., Chen, X., Sha, S., Cheung, T., Lin, J. J., Cui, X., Ng, C. H., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01738-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Association of opioid misuse with anxiety and depression: A systematic review of the literature
Rogers, A. H., Zvolensky, M. J., Ditre, J. W., Buckner, J. D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101978 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Why Sleep is Key: Poor Sleep Quality is a Mechanism for the Bidirectional Relationship between Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across 18 Years
Nguyen, V. V., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102601 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., Chan, W. W., Saxena, A. P., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103984 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
A comprehensive model to understand and assess the motivational background of video game use: The Gaming Motivation Inventory (GMI)
Király, O., Billieux, J., King, D. L., Urbán, R., Koncz, P., Polgár, E., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00048 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Associations of symptoms of anxiety and depression with health-status, asthma control, dyspnoea, dysfunction breathing and obesity in people with severe asthma
Stubbs, M. A., Clark, V. L., Gibson, P. G., Yorke, J., & McDonald, V. M. (2022) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-022-02266-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
School Refusal in Youth: A Systematic Review of Ecological Factors
Leduc, K., Tougas, A., Robert, V., & Boulanger, C. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01469-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self- and other-perceptions of interpersonal problems: Effects of generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and depression
Shin, K. E., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.04.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Risk and protective factors for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Fullana, M. A., Tortella‐Feliu, M., de la Cruz, L. F., Chamorro, J., Pérez-Vigil, A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Solanes, A., Guardiola-Ripoll, M., Almodóvar-Payá, C., Miranda‐Olivos, R., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001247 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Fixed Mindset of Anxiety Predicts Future Distress: A Longitudinal Study
Schroder, H. S., Callahan, C. P., Gornik, A. E., & Moser, J. S. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
State-Anxiety and Academic Burnout Regarding University Access Selective Examinations in Spain During and After the COVID-19 Lockdown
Fernández-Castillo, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621863 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Latent profile analysis of depression among older adults living alone in China
Hou, B., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.154 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The associations between sleep situations and mental health among Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal study
Wang, W., Du, X., Guo, Y., Li, W., Teopiz, K. M., Shi, J., Guo, L., Lu, C., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Assessing anxiety among adolescents in Hong Kong: psychometric properties and validity of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in an epidemiological community sample
Ip, H., Suen, Y. N., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, S. M. Y., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Wong, M. T. H., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04329-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The effectiveness of Internet‐delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Eilert, N., Enrique, A., Wogan, R., Mooney, O., Timulak, L., & Richards, D. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23115 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…for GAD on depressive symptoms have also been previously reported (Carl et al., 2020; Cuijpers et al., 2016) and are encouraging considering frequent comorbidity between MDD and GAD and close associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms (Jacobson & Newman, 2017; Moffitt et al., 2007).”
Background
Targeting intolerance of uncertainty in treatment: A meta-analysis of therapeutic effects, treatment moderators, and underlying mechanisms
Miller, M. L., & McGuire, J. F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.132 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Developing a machine learning model for detecting depression, anxiety, and apathy in older adults with mild cognitive impairment using speech and facial expressions: A cross-sectional observational study
Zhou, Y., Han, W., Yao, X., Xue, J., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104562 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The interrelations among aspects of dyspnea and symptoms of depression in COPD patients – a network analysis
Schüler, M., Wittmann, M., Faller, H., & Schultz, K. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.021 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Just-in-Time Adaptive Mechanisms of Popular Mobile Apps for Individuals With Depression: Systematic App Search and Literature Review
Teepe, G. W., Fonseca, A. D., Kleim, B., Jacobson, N. C., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Car, L. T., Fleisch, E., & Kowatsch, T. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29412 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anxiety and depressive symptoms are related to core symptoms, general health outcome, and medical comorbidities in eating disorders
Martín, J., Aróstegui, I., Loroño, A., Padierna, Á., Najera‐Zuloaga, J., & Quintana, J. M. (2019) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2677 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Instagram use frequency is associated with problematic smartphone use, but not with depression and anxiety symptom severity
Rozgonjuk, D., Pruunsild, P., Jürimäe, K., Schwarz, R.-J., & Aru, J. (2020) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157920910190 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The contribution of neurologic disorders to the national prevalence of depression and anxiety problems among children and adolescents
Whitney, D. G., Shapiro, D. N., Warschausky, S. A., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2018) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.11.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder and their relationship to health-related behaviors in over 12,000 US military personnel: Bi-directional associations
Hruby, A., Lieberman, H. R., & Smith, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.029 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on patient quality of life in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yu, H., Zhao, X., Wu, X., Yang, J., Wang, J., & Hou, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40589-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Anxiety as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of depression: A narrative review of current status and conflicting findings
Karlsen, H. R., Matejschek, F., Saksvik‐Lehouillier, I., & Langvik, E. (2021) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920987462 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Predicting the 9-year course of mood and anxiety disorders with automated machine learning: A comparison between auto-sklearn, naïve Bayes classifier, and traditional logistic regression
van Eeden, W. A., Luo, C. W., van Hemert, A. M., Carlier, I. V. E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Wardenaar, K. J., Hoos, H. H., & Giltay, E. J. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113823 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The blurred line between anxiety and depression: hesitations on comorbidity, thresholds and hierarchy
Demyttenaere, K., & Heirman, E. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1764509 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The relationship between anxiety and depression under the pandemic: The role of life meaning
Shek, D. T. L., Chai, W. Y., & Tan, L.-D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1059330 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The impact of an unstable job on mental health: the critical role of self-efficacy in artificial intelligence use
Kim, B., Kim, M., & Lee, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05595-w · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Anxiety Symptoms among Older Adults: The ATTICA Study
Masana, M. F., Tyrovolas, S., Kollia, N., Chrysohoou, C. A., Skoumas, J., Haro, J. M., Tousoulis, D. M., Papageorgiou, C., Pitsavos, C. S., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061250 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: A mega-meta path analysis
Miller, B. K., Wan, M., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Thompson, M. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263631 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Relation Between Worry and Mental Health in Nonclinical Population and Individuals with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
Vîslă, A., Stadelmann, C., Watkins, E. R., Zinbarg, R. E., & Flückiger, C. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10288-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Network analysis of anxiety and depression in the functionally impaired elderly
Yang, T., Guo, Z., Cao, X., Zhu, X., Zhou, Q., Li, X., Wang, H., Wang, X., Wu, L., Wu, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067646 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
CD4+CD25+ T Cells are Essential for Behavioral Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 in Male BALB/c mice
Liu, Y., Mian, M. F., Neufeld, K. M., & Forsythe, P. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The role of anxiety and depression in the relationship between physical activity and sleep quality: A serial multiple mediation model
Su, Y., Wang, S., Zheng, H., Tan, W., Li, X., Huang, Z., Hou, C., & Jia, F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.047 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Three-year prediction of depression and anxiety with a single self-rated health item
Östberg, D., & Nordin, S. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022610 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prevalence of Anxiety in Dental Students during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Meta-Analysis
Santabárbara, J., Mondragón, N. I., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., & Bueno‐Notivol, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010978 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Risk and protective factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety among American Indians: Understanding the roles of resilience and trauma.
McKinley, C. E., Boel-Studt, S. M., Renner, L. M., & Figley, C. R. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000950 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Insomnia mediates the longitudinal relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of adolescents
Li, Y. I., Starr, L. R., & Wray‐Lake, L. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22764 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exploring symptom-level associations between anxiety and depression across developmental stages of adolescence: a network analysis approach
He, Y., Wu, C., LeMoult, J., Huang, J., Zhao, Y., Liang, K., Chen, S., Wang, E., Huang, L., & Chi, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05449-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Associations between anxiety, depression, and personal mastery in community-dwelling older adults: a network-based analysis
Bian, Z., Xu, R., Shang, B., Lv, F., Sun, W., Li, Q., Gong, Y., & Luo, C. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05644-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Substance use disorders and risk for treatment resistant depression: a population‐based, nested case‐control study
Brenner, P., Brandt, L., Li, G., DiBernardo, A., Bodén, R., & Reutfors, J. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14866 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The development and initial validation of self‐report measures of ICD‐11 depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder: The International Depression Questionnaire (IDQ) and the International Anxiety Questionnaire (IAQ)
Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Butter, S., McBride, O., Hartman, T. K., Karatzias, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23446 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Repetitive negative thinking as a mediator in prospective cross-disorder associations between anxiety and depression disorders and their symptoms
Spinhoven, P., van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.11.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Temporal associations among loneliness, anxiety, and depression during the COVID‐19 pandemic period
Wu, J., Wu, Y., & Tian, Y. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3076 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Validation of PROMIS-29 domain scores among adult burn survivors: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System Study
McMullen, K. A., Bamer, A. M., Ryan, C. M., Schneider, J. C., Gibran, N. S., Stewart, B. T., Mroz, T. M., Wolf, S., & Amtmann, D. (2021) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000003365 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Network Analyses of Maternal Pre- and Post-Partum Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety
Phua, D. Y., Chen, H., Chong, Y. S., Gluckman, P. D., Broekman, B. F. P., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00785 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cultural variation in temporal associations among somatic complaints, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Kim, J. H. J., Tsai, W., Kodish, T., Trung, L. T., Lau, A. S., & Weiss, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109763 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The most commonly investigated prospective internalizing symptoms relation has been between anxiety and depression, and meta-analyses suggest that anxiety symptoms more strongly predict depressive symptoms across the lifespan than vice-versa [10].”
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Authors: Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Jacobson, Nicholas C.
Newman, Michelle G.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-11
Volume: 143
Issue: 11
Pages: 1155-1200
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000111
OpenAlex: W2747576011
Cited by: 576
References: 806
Citations by year: 2026: 73 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 3.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: anxiety, depression, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, longitudinal associations, prodromal symptoms
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Longitudinal Studies

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Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

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