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Age of onset and course of major depressive disorder: associations with psychosocial functioning outcomes in adulthood
Open accessAbstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) that onsets by adolescence is associated with various deficits in psychosocial functioning. However, adolescent-onset MDD often follows a recurrent course that may drive its associated impairment. Method: To tease apart these two clinical features, we examined the relative associations of age of onset (adolescent versus adult) and course (recurrent versus single episodes) of MDD with a broad range of psychosocial functioning outcomes assessed in early adulthood. Participants comprised a large, population-based sample of male and female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS;n = 1252) assessed prospectively from ages 17 to 29 years. Results: A recurrent course of MDD predicted impairment in several psychosocial domains in adulthood, regardless of whether the onset was in adolescence or adulthood. By contrast, adolescent-onset MDD showed less evidence of impairment in adulthood after accounting for recurrence. Individuals with both an adolescent onset and recurrent episodes of MDD represented a particularly severe group with pervasive psychosocial impairment in adulthood. Conclusions: The negative implications of adolescent-onset MDD for psychosocial functioning in adulthood seem to be due primarily to its frequently recurrent course, rather than its early onset,per se. The results highlight the importance of considering both age of onset and course for understanding MDD and its implications for functioning, and also in guiding targeted intervention efforts.
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“Psychological disorders in these age groups often show long-term impacts on adult life as well [2,5].”
From Effectiveness of Online and Remote Interventions for Mental Health in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
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“However, 75% of psychiatric disorders begin before 24 years95.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [97]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, S., Hicks, B. M., Foster, K. T., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilson, S.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-07-10
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 505-514
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4289461
- OpenAlex
- W2143271226
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009367, R01AA09367, R37AA009367)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH015755)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA05147, K01DA025868, R01DA005147, R37DA005147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adolescent-onset depression, age of onset, recurrence, course of depression, psychosocial functioning, early adulthood, Minnesota Twin Family Study, twins, depression severity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Minnesota, Peer Group, Psychological Tests, Recurrence, Twins, Age of Onset, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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