CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 153Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

A prospective examination of Axis I psychiatric disorders in the first 5 years following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

Alway, Y., Gould, K. R., Johnston, L., McKenzie, D., Ponsford, J.·2016·Psychological Medicine
DOI 10.1017/s0033291715002986
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: Psychiatric disorders commonly emerge during the first year following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is not clear whether these disorders soon remit or persist for long periods post-injury. This study aimed to examine, prospectively: (1) the frequency, (2) patterns of co-morbidity, (3) trajectory, and (4) risk factors for psychiatric disorders during the first 5 years following TBI. Method: Participants were 161 individuals (78.3% male) with moderate (31.2%) or severe (68.8%) TBI. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, administered soon after injury and 3, 6 and 12 months, and 2, 3, 4 and 5 years post-injury. Disorder frequencies and generalized estimating equations were used to identify temporal relationships and risk factors. Results: In the first 5 years post-injury, 75.2% received a psychiatric diagnosis, commonly emerging within the first year (77.7%). Anxiety, mood and substance-use disorders were the most common diagnostic classes, often presenting co-morbidly. Many (56.5%) experienced a novel diagnostic class not present prior to injury. Disorder frequency ranged between 61.8 and 35.6% over time, decreasing by 27% [odds ratio (OR) 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.83] with each year post-injury. Anxiety disorders declined significantly over time (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.63–0.84), whilst mood and substance-use disorder rates remained stable. The strongest predictors of post-injury disorder were pre-injury disorder (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.41–4.25) and accident-related limb injury (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.03–3.07). Conclusions: Findings suggest the first year post-injury is a critical period for the emergence of psychiatric disorders. Disorder frequency declines thereafter, with anxiety disorders showing greater resolution than mood and substance-use disorders.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0033291715002986

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Alway et al. (2016) proposed these intrusive 'memories' are gradually constructed, which may explain the frequent delayed onset of PTSD for TBI patients and persistent distress for traumatic loss victims.

    “Alway, Gould, Johnston, McKenzie, and Ponsford (2016) proposed these intrusive ‘memories’ are gradually constructed, which may explain the frequent delayed onset of PTSD for TBI patients and persistent distress for traumatic loss victims.”

    From Drug-facilitated sexual assault, impaired trauma memory, and implications for mental health treatment (2022) · cites this paper as Alway et al., 2016

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Alway, Y., Gould, K. R., Johnston, L., McKenzie, D., & Ponsford, J.
Affiliations
Epworth Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Alway, Y.
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Medicine
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2016-02-12
Volume
46
Issue
6
Pages
1331-1341
ISSN
  • 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8978
DOI
10.1017/s0033291715002986
OpenAlex
W2326987135
Cited by
153
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
FWCI
12.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Transport Accident Commission
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, psychiatric comorbidity, Axis I psychiatric disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, risk factors, extremity injuries
MeSH terms
Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Australia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Comorbidity, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review