The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Background: The aim of this study was to build a detailed, integrative profile of the correlates of young adults’ feelings of loneliness, in terms of their current health and functioning and their childhood experiences and circumstances. Methods: Data were drawn from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 2232 individuals born in England and Wales in 1994 and 1995. Loneliness was measured when participants were aged 18. Regression analyses were used to test concurrent associations between loneliness and health and functioning in young adulthood. Longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine childhood factors associated with young adult loneliness. Results: Lonelier young adults were more likely to experience mental health problems, to engage in physical health risk behaviours, and to use more negative strategies to cope with stress. They were less confident in their employment prospects and were more likely to be out of work. Lonelier young adults were, as children, more likely to have had mental health difficulties and to have experienced bullying and social isolation. Loneliness was evenly distributed across genders and socioeconomic backgrounds. Conclusions: Young adults’ experience of loneliness co-occurs with a diverse range of problems, with potential implications for health in later life. The findings underscore the importance of early intervention to prevent lonely young adults from being trapped in loneliness as they age.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lack of social support and loneliness are, in turn, associated with emotional problems such as anxiety and depression (e.g., Matthews et al., 2019, Richardson et al., 2017).”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Matthews et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lonelier individuals may exhibit disrupted emotional regulation, leading to increased negative emotions and a higher propensity for risky health behaviors, which could impact future mental health outcomes [90].”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [90]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although financial stress can be linked to the economic downturn of the COVID-19 pandemic, the present findings parallel a national study of young adults in the United Kingdom before the COVID-19 crisis (Matthews et al., 2019).”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Matthews et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“A major adverse consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to be increased social isolation and loneliness (as reflected in our surveys),4 which are strongly associated with anxiety, depression, self-harm, and suicide attempts across the lifespan.24, 25”
From Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, individuals who engage with digital technology in a compulsive manner, or in ways that interfere with their day‐to‐day responsibilities, may be more vulnerable to loneliness. 17”
From Social media use, online experiences, and loneliness among young adults: A cohort study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“it supports previous findings that patterns of technology use could be markers of risk for loneliness. 17”
From Social media use, online experiences, and loneliness among young adults: A cohort study (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have shown an association between bullying victimization during adolescence and loneliness in adolescence [14] or young adulthood [19, 20].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Our findings are consistent with previous results that showed a positive association between childhood bullying victimization and loneliness in young adulthood [19, 20].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,071
(1999) · Cited by 7,995
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272 · cited 3×
“A large body of epidemiological evidence has established loneliness as a strong predictor of premature death, with effect sizes similar to or greater than other well-established risk factors such as smoking and obesity (Elovainio et al. 2017; Holt-Lunstad et al. 2010; Luo et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMeasuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales
Straus, M. A. (1979) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351733 · Cited by 6,187
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster‐Correlated Data
Williams, R. L. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00645.x · Cited by 2,501
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995 · cited 1×
“A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness indicates that the most successful strategies involve addressing destructive patterns of social cognition in a counselling or psychotherapeutic setting (Masi et al. 2011).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 2010, The Lonely Society?
- 2015, Stata Statistical Software: Release 14
- 2014, Measuring National Well-Being: European Comparisons, 2014
- 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- 2013, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Kovacs, 1992, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) Manual
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–380 of 380
Emaziye, P. O., & Ebewore, S. O. (2020)
Mental Health Analysis During Covid-19 Global Pandemic
Rahmadana, M. F., Sagala, G. H., Nasution, M., & Aditia, R. (2021) · Tidar International Conference on Advancing Local Wisdom Towards Global Megatrends (TIC) · doi:10.4108/eai.21-10-2020.2311915
Tracy, D. K., Joyce, D. W., & Shergill, S. S. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.28
Shankar, A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0253
Kirwan, E. M., O’Súilleabháin, P. S., Burns, A., McMahon, J., Summerville, S., & Creaven, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-316759/v2
Lee, J., & Heecheon, S. (2022) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY · doi:10.23844/kjcp.2022.05.34.2.665
Campion, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0051
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Fu, C., Lin, H., Wang, T., Wang, S., Kuang, J., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2132208/v1
CORONAVIRUS VARIANTS-ASSOCIATED-PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS IN ARAB COMMUNITIES
Shahin, M. A. H. (2022) · Journal of Islamic Nursing · doi:10.24252/join.v7i1.27606
Pepin, K. (2022) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-pepin-kristen-2022
Does Reducing Social Media Use Have an Effect on Loneliness and Social Comparisons?
Mahboob, W. (2022) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-15227
A Case of Mixed Anxiety Depression in the COVID-19 Lockdown
Solunke, H., & Dr Kishor, M. (2020) · Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.55691/2582-3868.1084
Dawood, E., Mitsu, R., Ghadeer, H. A., Abusaleh, R., Harbie, F. A., Alenazi, A., & Alwahibee, L. (2023) · The Journal of Palembang Nursing Studies · doi:10.55048/jpns83 · Cited by 1
Elsayed, F. A. R., Shalaby, M., & Elattar, N. F. M. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Science Benha University/Journal of Nursing Science Benha University · doi:10.21608/jnsbu.2023.307799
Stankovic, M. (2022) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.11351
Lee, R. T., Surenkok, G., & Vivian Zayas, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bc2vs
Learning Through a Pandemic: Youth Experiences With Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nandlall, N., Hawke, L. D., Hayes, E., Darnay, K., Daley, M., Relihan, J., & Henderson, J. L. (2023) · doi:10.32920/24521956.v1
Learning Through a Pandemic: Youth Experiences With Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nandlall, N., Hawke, L. D., Hayes, E., Darnay, K., Daley, M., Relihan, J., & Henderson, J. L. (2023) · doi:10.32920/24521956
Gökçen, O., Akkuş, M., Erturhan, S., Erzincan, E., & Bardakçı, M. A. (2024) · Kocatepe tıp dergisi. · doi:10.18229/kocatepetip.1242016
Kymantienė, J., Žiedelis, A., & Bulotaitė, L. (2023) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2023.69.4
Symonds, A., Bernard, M. M., Fox, A. P., & Larkin, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50047-3_9
Bienestar, espiritualidad y temor al COVID-19 en adultos mayores durante el primer año de pandemia
Bartra, D. H. R., & Cassaretto, M. (2024) · Persona · doi:10.26439/persona2023.n26(2).6600
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depressive SymptomsPreprint
Fu, H., Guo, S., & Guo, K. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4078714/v1
Biplob, K. B. M. B., Sammak, M. H., Bitto, A. K., & Mahmud, I. (2024) · EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology · doi:10.4108/eetpht.10.3070
An Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation The Effect of COVID-19 on Urban Youth Mental HealthPreprint
Baquerizo, H., Ocon, V. A., Odam, L. A., Chukwuma, J., Mensah, V., & Natalie, N. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184728/v1
Poczucie samotności a style radzenia sobie ze stresem przez przyszłych nauczycieli
Wrótniak, J. (2024) · Roczniki Pedagogiczne · doi:10.18290/rped24162.11
Emerging Adult–Centered Pastoral Care
Snider, R. (2024) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-024-01163-6
Ernst, M. (2024) · PiD - Psychotherapie im Dialog · doi:10.1055/a-2192-0940
Ma’rof, A. A., Abdullah, H. B., & Rosnon, M. R. (2024) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i8/22579
Jia, P., He, X., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4824967/v1
Connected or Isolated? The Effect of Problematic Internet Use on Loneliness in Adolescents
杨, 河. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.149640
Loneliness among first-year university students: Evaluating a peer support intervention
Bathelt, J. (2024) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2024.30.2.7
Sateenkaarevat sinkut ja läheissuhteiset covid-19-pandemiassa
Jantunen, J. H., & Järvenpää, T. (2024) · SQS – Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran lehti · doi:10.23980/sqs.154802
Octaviane, R., & Roswiyani, R. (2024) · PHILANTHROPY Journal of Psychology · doi:10.26623/philanthropy.v8i2.10660 · Cited by 2
Loneliness in the Maltese population: A comparison of data from 2019 and 2022
Azzopardi, A., Clark, M., Grech, A., & Camilleri, L. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241313238 · Cited by 1
Entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen des Jugend- und jungen Erwachsenenalters
Grieser, M. T. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70150-8_1
Tendencies Toward Social Isolation and Loneliness Among University StudentsPreprint
Şener, G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6382893/v1
The pandemic coping project: a randomized clinical trial of strategies for coping with isolation
Berman, J. S., Lewin, R. K., Solomon, E. M., Glasgow, O. G., Pace, R. L., & Snell, A. N. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2490228
Measuring Loneliness at an Unprecedented Scale: The INTERACT Study’s Approach and Initial FindingsPreprint
El-Osta, A. A. R., Alaa, A., Al-Ammouri, M., Altalib, S., Tristán-López, A., & Majeed, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6864072/v1 · Cited by 1
Forster, M., Shanazari, E., Shaverdi, A., Zhang, X., Matthews, T. A., & Grigsby, T. J. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00176-1
Self-citationMental Health Issues among PDLs During COVID-19 in a Provincial Jail
Carpio, N. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.450401
Yang, K. (2025) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2025.2586595
Mąka, S., Chrustowicz, M., & Okruszek, Ł. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109175
Mental Health Prevention in Services for Children
Chan, C., Lister, M., & Hindley, N. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009110266.021
Worlds apart: using technology to alleviate grief-related loneliness in young people
Weinstock, L., Jeayes, A., Kurze, H., & Albuquerque, S. (2025) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-01-2025-0011
Vicario-Molina, I., Ortega, E. G., González, R. P., & Picos, A. P. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24264696
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556554
Chrzan‐Dętkoś, M., Walczak‐Kozłowska, T., & Lipowska, M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13787320
Eager, S., Johnson, S., Pitman, A., Uribe, M., Qualter, P., & Pearce, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25678755
Gautam, K., Adhikari, R. P., Gupta, A. S., Shrestha, R. K., Koirala, P., & Koirala, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13357403
Lazaridou, A., Paschali, M., Vilsmark, E. S., Wilkins, T., Napadow, V., & Edwards, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20208460
Yang, M., Wei, W., Ren, L., Pu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., & Wu, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24804804
Eager, S., Johnson, S., Alexandra, P., Uribe, M., Qualter, P., & Pearce, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25678591
Lee, R. T., Surenkok, G., & Zayas, V. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25770401
Parlikar, N., Kvaløy, K., Strand, L. B., Espnes, G. A., & Moksnes, U. K. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24708984
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556548
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556557
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556551
Yang, M., Wei, W., Ren, L., Pu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, X., & Wu, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24804325
Mąka, S., Chrustowicz, M., Michałowski, J. M., & Okruszek, Ł. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf340 · Cited by 1
Huang, S., Heininga, V. E., & Kretschmer, T. (2026) · Child Development · doi:10.1093/chidev/aacag043
Social Isolation and Loneliness Among U.S. Adults With Self-Reported Hospitalization
Anguzu, R., Sharda, M., Amjad, T., Pfankuch, A., Iregbu, S., Jha, P., Kohlbeck, S. A., & Bhandari, S. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2026.108371
Bates, K. E., Siljeström, L. A., Bokhari, A., Gyekye, L., Lau, J. Y. F., Turner, L., & Fuhrmann, D. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-004053
Childhood Disadvantage and Loneliness Among Young People. Evidence from 27 EU Countries
Walsh, E. (2026) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-026-10100-z
The impact of loneliness on the self-reference effect in remembering and directed forgetting
Wang, W., Tang, X., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Hong, C., Yan, W., Chen, N., & Liu, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1809521
Bauger, L., & Hagen, S. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2682444
Kushibiki, N., Sugawara, D., Yaguchi, C., Takagi, Y., Ishizuka, R., Ogawa, T., Midorikawa, H., Yonezawa, S., Kohzuki, Y., Aiba, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100614
Style przywiązania a objawy depresyjne. Rola samotności i samoregulacji
Subocz, D. (2026) · Rozprawy i Studia - Uniwersytet Szczeciński · doi:10.18276/978-83-8419-126-2
Altıngöz, F., & Öksüz, Y. (2026) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1828540
Creation and Validation of the Madrid Loneliness Questionnaire in Spanish Population
Esteban-Rodríguez, L., González-Espejito, F., Zubiaur, E. D., Sevilla-Martínez, J., León, A. H., Lillo-López, E., Blasco-Novalbos, G., & Pérez, E. J. P. (2026) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2026.10043
Between Resilience and Risk: A Latent Profile Analysis from the Me.Mo Survey of University Students
Ciechi, A. D., Buratta, L., Delvecchio, E., Garofalo, C., Raspa, V., Colli, A., & Mazzeschi, C. (2026) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2026.2705501
Understanding Involuntary Loneliness in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Korzhina, Y., Nyman-Kurkiala, P., & Hemberg, J. A. V. (2026) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000106
Slack, H. R., Byrom, N., Bate, C., Hościłowicz, A., Homer, S. R., Fuhrmann, D., Foster, J., Crook, S., & Long, E. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70249
Li, Z., Li, X., Liu, Z., Tao, H., Song, H., Yang, F., Xiao, Q., Li, L., Huang, X., Long, Y., et al. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107853
I feel lonely and stressed: psychological flexibility and addictive behavior in college students
Uzun, K., Arslan, G., & Aydoğdu, U. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10078-9
Metadata
- Authors
- Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Arseneault, L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arseneault, Louise
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-04-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 268-277
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC6076992
- OpenAlex
- W2797004786
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 34.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- MQ: Transforming Mental Health (MQ14F40)
- Nuffield Foundation
- Jacobs Foundation (G1002190, HD077482)
- Medical Research Council (HD077482, G1002190, MR/P005918/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P010113/1)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G1002190, HD077482)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R01HD077482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- loneliness, young adults, mental illness, stress coping strategies, unemployment, childhood bullying, social isolation, child mental health, socioeconomic status, gender differences, Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Health Risk Behaviors, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Behavioral Symptoms, Employment, England, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Social Isolation, Wales, Bullying
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
