Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study

Hosozawa, Mariko; Cable, Noriko; Yamasaki, Syudo; Ando, Shuntaro; Endo, Kaori; Usami, Satoshi; Nakanishi, Miharu; Niimura, Junko; Nakajima, Naomi; Baba, Kaori; Oikawa, Nao; Stanyon, Daniel; Suzuki, Kazuhiro; Miyashita, Mitsuhiro; Iso, Hiroyasu; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Mariko; Kasai, Kiyoto; Nishida, Atsushi

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00545-z

Cited by 38Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentHealth disparities and outcomes

Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study

Open access

Hosozawa, Mariko, Cable, Noriko, Yamasaki, Syudo, Ando, Shuntaro, Endo, Kaori, Usami, Satoshi, Nakanishi, Miharu, Niimura, Junko +10 more·2022·Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

DOI 10.1186/s13034-022-00545-zPMC PMC9769463

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Abstract

Background: Adolescent loneliness is a growing public health issue owing to its adverse health impact. Although adolescent loneliness is common, its trajectories can show distinct patterns over time. However, there is limited knowledge regarding their determinants, particularly for chronic loneliness. We aimed to determine the predictors of loneliness trajectories across early-to-mid adolescence and examine their association with later suicidality. Methods: Data were collected from 3165 participants from the population-based Tokyo Teen Cohort. Participants reported their loneliness at 10, 12, 14, and 16 years. Loneliness trajectories were identified using latent class growth analysis. We examined the predictive role of bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 via a multinomial logistic regression. Sociodemographic and child-related factors (i.e., chronic health conditions and cognitive delay) were included as covariates. The association between the trajectories, self-harm, and suicidal ideation by age 16 was investigated using Poisson regression. Results: Four trajectories were identified: “consistently low” (2448, 77.3%), “moderate–decreasing” (185, 5.8%), “moderate–increasing” (508, 16.1%), and “consistently high” (24, 0.8%). Taking “consistently low” as a reference, experiences of bullying victimization predicted all the remaining trajectories [adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28 for “moderate–decreasing,” 1.88, 1.52–2.33 for “moderate–increasing,” and 4.57, 1.97–10.59 for “consistently high”]. Parental psychological distress predicted the “moderate–increasing” (1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (5.07, 1.78–14.42) trajectories. The “consistently high” trajectory showed the greatest risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation (adjusted relative risk ratio 6.01, 95% CI 4.40–8.22; 2.48, 1.82–3.37, respectively); however, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” trajectories were also at increased risk (moderate–increasing: 2.71, 2.23–3.30 for self-harm, 1.93, 1.69–2.19 for suicidal ideation; moderate–decreasing: 2.49, 1.91–3.26 for self-harm, 1.59, 1.33–1.91 for suicidal ideation). Conclusions: Bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 were independent determinants of increased and chronic loneliness trajectories across early-to-mid adolescence. Compared with “consistently low,” all other loneliness trajectories were associated with an increased risk of adolescent suicidality. Interventions targeting adolescent loneliness should include approaches to mitigate bullying and parental psychological distress. These strategies may help prevent adolescent suicidality.

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TL;DR

In the population-based Tokyo Teen Cohort, four loneliness trajectories were identified from ages 10 to 16, with bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 predicting increased or chronic loneliness. All non-“consistently low” trajectories were associated with higher risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation by age 16.

Key findings

Four loneliness trajectories were identified: “consistently low” (2448, 77.3%), “moderate–decreasing” (185, 5.8%), “moderate–increasing” (508, 16.1%), and “consistently high” (24, 0.8%).
Bullying victimization at age 10 predicted all non-low trajectories: adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64 (95% CI 1.18–2.28) for “moderate–decreasing,” 1.88 (1.52–2.33) for “moderate–increasing,” and 4.57 (1.97–10.59) for “consistently high.” Parental psychological distress predicted “moderate–increasing” (1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (5.07, 1.78–14.42).
By age 16, the “consistently high” group had the greatest risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation in the fully adjusted model (RR 6.01, 95% CI 4.40–8.22; RR 2.48, 1.82–3.37, respectively). The “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” groups were also at increased risk: self-harm RR 2.71 (2.23–3.30) and 2.49 (1.91–3.26); suicidal ideation RR 1.93 (1.69–2.19) and 1.59 (1.33–1.91).

Methods

Data came from 3165 participants in the Tokyo Teen Cohort, a population-based cohort of children born in three Tokyo municipalities between 2002 and 2004; loneliness was measured at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 using a single item from the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.
Loneliness trajectories were identified with latent class growth analysis. Predictors of trajectory membership were examined with multivariable multinomial logistic regression, including bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 plus sociodemographic and child-related covariates.
Associations between trajectories and self-harm/suicidal ideation by age 16 were examined with Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Missing data were handled with full information maximum likelihood and multiple imputation across 40 datasets; a sensitivity analysis restricted to participants with valid loneliness responses at more than two time points (n = 2813).

Limitations

The paper states that loneliness was measured with a single item; only 24 participants were in the “consistently high” group, so estimates for that group should be interpreted cautiously; sex differences were not investigated; loneliness and outcomes were self-reported and may be prone to social desirability bias; and the observational design precludes causal inference, with possible bidirectional associations.
Evident from the text: missingness was substantial for some variables, including 38.4% for suicidal ideation, although multiple imputation was used. About half of the age-16 wave was interviewed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and any loneliness at age 16 was slightly higher during the pandemic (21% vs. 16%), though the paper reports no significant difference in trajectory proportions before versus during the pandemic.

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Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, parental psychological distress at child age 10 predicted membership in the consistently high loneliness trajectory relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 5.07, 95% CI 1.78-14.42).
“Parental psychological distress predicted the “moderate–increasing” (1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (5.07, 1.78–14.42) trajectories.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Parental psychological distress when the child was aged 10 predicted membership in the “moderate–increasing” (aRRR 1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (aRRR 5.07, 1.78–14.42) groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, experiencing bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in the consistently high loneliness trajectory relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 4.57, 95% CI 1.97-10.59).
“Taking “consistently low” as a reference, experiences of bullying victimization predicted all the remaining trajectories [adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28 for “moderate–decreasing,””
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Experience of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in all three trajectory groups: “moderate–decreasing” [adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28], “moderate–increasing” (aRRR 1.88, 1.52–2.33), and “consistently high” (aRRR 4.57, 1.97–10.59).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, experiencing bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in the moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64, 95% CI 1.18-2.28).
“Taking “consistently low” as a reference, experiences of bullying victimization predicted all the remaining trajectories [adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28 for “moderate–decreasing,””
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Experience of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in all three trajectory groups: “moderate–decreasing” [adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28], “moderate–increasing” (aRRR 1.88, 1.52–2.33), and “consistently high” (aRRR 4.57, 1.97–10.59).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the consistently high loneliness trajectory was associated with the greatest risk of self-harm by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 6.01, 95% CI 4.40-8.22).
“The “consistently high” trajectory showed the greatest risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation (adjusted relative risk ratio 6.01, 95% CI 4.40–8.22; 2.48, 1.82–3.37, respectively);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory was associated with increased risk of self-harm by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 2.49, 95% CI 1.91-3.26).
“however, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” trajectories were also at increased risk (moderate–increasing: 2.71, 2.23–3.30 for self-harm, 1.93, 1.69–2.19 for suicidal ideation; moderate–decreasing: 2.49, 1.91–3.26 for self-harm, 1.59, 1.33–1.91 for suicidal ideation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory was associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 1.93, 95% CI 1.69-2.19).
“however, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” trajectories were also at increased risk (moderate–increasing: 2.71, 2.23–3.30 for self-harm, 1.93, 1.69–2.19 for suicidal ideation; moderate–decreasing: 2.49, 1.91–3.26 for self-harm, 1.59, 1.33–1.91 for suicidal ideation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, parental psychological distress at child age 10 predicted membership in the moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.25-2.71).
“Parental psychological distress predicted the “moderate–increasing” (1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (5.07, 1.78–14.42) trajectories.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Parental psychological distress when the child was aged 10 predicted membership in the “moderate–increasing” (aRRR 1.84, 1.25–2.71) and “consistently high” (aRRR 5.07, 1.78–14.42) groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory was associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.33-1.91).
“however, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” trajectories were also at increased risk (moderate–increasing: 2.71, 2.23–3.30 for self-harm, 1.93, 1.69–2.19 for suicidal ideation; moderate–decreasing: 2.49, 1.91–3.26 for self-harm, 1.59, 1.33–1.91 for suicidal ideation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, experiencing bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in the moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 1.88, 95% CI 1.52-2.33).
“Taking “consistently low” as a reference, experiences of bullying victimization predicted all the remaining trajectories [adjusted relative risk ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28 for “moderate–decreasing,””
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “Experience of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in all three trajectory groups: “moderate–decreasing” [adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.28], “moderate–increasing” (aRRR 1.88, 1.52–2.33), and “consistently high” (aRRR 4.57, 1.97–10.59).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the consistently high loneliness trajectory was associated with the greatest risk of suicidal ideation by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 2.48, 95% CI 1.82-3.37).
“The “consistently high” trajectory showed the greatest risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation (adjusted relative risk ratio 6.01, 95% CI 4.40–8.22; 2.48, 1.82–3.37, respectively);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In the Tokyo Teen Cohort, the moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory was associated with increased risk of self-harm by age 16 relative to the consistently low trajectory (adjusted relative risk ratio 2.71, 95% CI 2.23-3.30).
“however, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” trajectories were also at increased risk (moderate–increasing: 2.71, 2.23–3.30 for self-harm, 1.93, 1.69–2.19 for suicidal ideation; moderate–decreasing: 2.49, 1.91–3.26 for self-harm, 1.59, 1.33–1.91 for suicidal ideation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The consistently high loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 6.78 (95% CI 5.10-9.02) for self-harm by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“The risk of self-harm by age 16 was most remarkable for the “consistently high” group [relative risk (RR) 6.78, 95% CI 5.10–9.02]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 2.87 (95% CI 2.37-3.48) for self-harm by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“followed by the “moderate–increasing” (RR 2.87, 2.37–3.48)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
6% of participants were in a moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory.
“which increased and decreased with age in two separate groups (16% and 6%, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 1.67 (95% CI 1.39-2.00) for suicidal ideation by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“and 1.67 (1.39–2.00) for “moderate–decreasing.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Approximately one-fifth of participants had a moderate risk of loneliness at age 10.
“Approximately one-fifth had a moderate risk of loneliness at age 10, which increased and decreased with age in two separate groups (16% and 6%, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
A substantial minority (0.8%) experienced chronic loneliness.
“A substantial minority (0.8%) experienced chronic loneliness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Further adjusting for covariates did not change the association between loneliness trajectories and self-harm or suicidal ideation.
“Further adjusting for covariates did not change the association for both outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Parental psychological distress when the child was aged 10 predicted membership in the "moderate-increasing" and "consistently high" groups.
“Parental psychological distress when the child was aged 10 predicted membership in the “moderate–increasing” and “consistently high” groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Most participants (77%) had a low risk of experiencing loneliness across early-to-mid adolescence.
“Across early-to-mid adolescence, most participants (77%) had a low risk of experiencing loneliness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The "moderate-increasing" and "moderate-decreasing" groups were at a two-three-fold risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation compared with the "consistently low" group.
“However, the “moderate–increasing” and “moderate–decreasing” groups were also at a two–three-fold risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation compared with the “consistently low” group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
In this population-based cohort, four distinct loneliness trajectories were identified among adolescents aged 10-16 years.
“In this population-based cohort, we identified four distinct loneliness trajectories among adolescents aged 10‒16 years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Experience of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in the "consistently high," "moderate-increasing," and "moderate-decreasing" loneliness trajectories.
“Experience of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted membership in the “consistently high,” “moderate–increasing,” and “moderate–decreasing” loneliness trajectories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The consistently high loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 2.61 (95% CI 1.90-3.58) for suicidal ideation by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“the RR was 2.61 (95% CI 1.90–3.58) for “consistently high,””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingcitation
In this study, the proportion of adolescents experiencing chronic loneliness (0.8%) was smaller than that reported in previous studies (ranging from 3 to 22%).
“In our study, the proportion of adolescents experiencing chronic loneliness (0.8%) was smaller than that reported in previous studies (ranging from 3 to 22%) [9, 11–13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Ladd GW, Ettekal I. Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1269–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Findingown data
16% of participants were in a moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory.
“which increased and decreased with age in two separate groups (16% and 6%, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The moderate-increasing loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 2.18 (95% CI 1.93-2.47) for suicidal ideation by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“2.18 (1.93–2.47) for “moderate–increasing,””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
The moderate-decreasing loneliness trajectory group had a relative risk of 2.54 (95% CI 1.94-3.32) for self-harm by age 16 compared with the consistently low group.
“and “moderate–decreasing” groups (RR 2.54, 1.94–3.32).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Premisecitation
The relative contribution of heritability to loneliness is likely to decrease during early adolescence.
“However, adolescent loneliness is reportedly associated with negative social relationships at school and home [14], and the relative contribution of heritability to loneliness is likely to decrease during early adolescence [15, 16].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [15] Wong NML, Yeung PPS, Lee TMC. A developmental social neuroscience model for understanding loneliness in adolescence. Soc Neurosci. 2018;13:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1256832. source
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- cites [16] Bartels M, Cacioppo JT, Hudziak JJ, Boomsma DI. Genetic and environmental contributions to stability in loneliness throughout childhood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147:385–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30608. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Premisecitation
Existing research has mostly examined the predictive role of adolescents' psychological or sociodemographic characteristics for loneliness trajectories.
“Existing research has mostly examined the predictive role of adolescents’ psychological or sociodemographic characteristics [9–13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Harris RA, Qualter P, Robinson SJ. Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Ladd GW, Ettekal I. Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1269–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Interpretationown data
Compared with the consistently low trajectory, all other loneliness trajectories are associated with an increased risk of adolescent suicidality.
“Compared with “consistently low,” all other loneliness trajectories were associated with an increased risk of adolescent suicidality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Premisecitation
Studies on the longitudinal patterns of adolescent loneliness have identified several distinct trajectories, including consistently low and consistently high.
“Studies on the longitudinal patterns of adolescent loneliness have identified several distinct trajectories, including consistently low and consistently high [9–13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Harris RA, Qualter P, Robinson SJ. Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Ladd GW, Ettekal I. Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1269–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Study design and conductcitation
Indicators of internal traits, such as loneliness or suicidal ideation, have been reported to be most accurately measured by self-ratings.
“However, indicators of internal traits, such as loneliness or suicidal ideation, have been reported to be most accurately measured by self-ratings [41].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [41] Vazire S. Who knows what about a person? The self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98:281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017908. source
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Interpretationcitation
Despite differences in proportion rates, the patterns identified based on a single-item measure of loneliness reflected existing evidence from Western Europe and North America, where multi-item indicators of loneliness were used.
“Despite the differences in the proportion rate of each trajectory, the patterns identified based on a single-item measure of loneliness reflected existing evidence from Western Europe and North America, where multi-item indicators of loneliness were used [9, 11–13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Ladd GW, Ettekal I. Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1269–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Interpretationcitation
Heightened parental psychological distress at the beginning of adolescence may amplify adolescents' feelings of loneliness, possibly through unstable parent-adolescent relationships.
“Our results indicate that heightened parental psychological distress at the beginning of adolescence may amplify adolescents’ feelings of loneliness, possibly through unstable parent–adolescent relationships [21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [21] Branje S. Development of parent-adolescent relationships: conflict interactions as a mechanism of change. Child Dev Perspect. 2018;12:171–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Study design and conductcitation
The single-item measure of loneliness correlates well with multi-item scales, such as the UCLA Loneliness Scale.
“However, this single-item measure correlates well with multi-item scales, such as the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale [25, 26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [25] Mund M, Maes M, Drewke PM, Gutzeit A, Jaki I, Qualter P. Would the real loneliness please stand up? The Validity of Loneliness Scores and the Reliability of Single-Item Scores. Assessment. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221077227. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Russel D. The measurement of loneliness. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy. Wiley: New York; 1982. p. 81–104.
  Not checked in the free run.
Interpretationown data
The "consistently high" group was at greatest risk for suicidality by age 16 among the loneliness trajectory groups.
“The “consistently high” group was at greatest risk for suicidality by age 16 and showed a sixfold and threefold risk for self-harm and suicidal ideation, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationcitation
The four trajectory patterns identified in this study echoed previous studies, where four to five distinct adolescent loneliness trajectories were observed.
“The four trajectory patterns identified in our study echoed previous studies, where four to five distinct adolescent loneliness trajectories were observed [9, 11–13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Ladd GW, Ettekal I. Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence: normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1269–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.004. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
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Premisecitation
Self-harm and suicidal ideation are significant risk factors for suicide attempts.
“Since self-harm and suicidal ideation are significant risk factors for suicide attempts [36]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [36] Mars B, Heron J, Klonsky ED, Moran P, O’Connor RC, Tilling K, et al. Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:327–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30030-6. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Study design and conductown data
Only 24 participants were classified into the "consistently high" group.
“only 24 participants were classified into the “consistently high” group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Study design and conductreasoning
Causal relationships cannot be inferred owing to the study's observational design.
“Finally, causal relationships cannot be inferred owing to the study’s observational design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

May combine two claims. 14
The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data
Latent class growth analysis of loneliness measured at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 in the Tokyo Teen Cohort identified four loneliness trajectories: consistently low (2448, 77.3%), moderate-decreasing (185, 5.8%), moderate-increasing (508, 16.1%), and consistently high (24, 0.8%).
“Four trajectories were identified: “consistently low” (2448, 77.3%), “moderate–decreasing” (185, 5.8%), “moderate–increasing” (508, 16.1%), and “consistently high” (24, 0.8%).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “The trajectory modeling resulted in four groups (Fig. 2, Additional file 3: Table S3). Most of the participants (n = 2448, 77.3%) belonged to the “consistently low” group, which indicated a low possibility of experiencing loneliness across early-to-mid adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Experiences of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted all loneliness trajectories over the "consistently low" group and showed the strongest association with the "consistently high" group.
“Experiences of bullying victimization at age 10 predicted all loneliness trajectories over the “consistently low” group and showed the strongest association with the “consistently high” group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
Parental psychological distress measured at age 10 predicted the "moderate-increasing" and "consistently high" trajectories, but not the "moderate decreasing" trajectory.
“In contrast, parental psychological distress measured at age 10 predicted the “moderate–increasing” and “consistently high” trajectories, but not the “moderate decreasing” trajectory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
A sensitivity analysis limited to adolescents with valid loneliness responses for more than two of four time points yielded similar group trajectories and did not change the results.
“Our sensitivity analysis, limited to adolescents with valid loneliness responses for more than two of four time points, yielded similar group trajectories and did not change the results”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitation
The best-fitting loneliness trajectory model was identified using the Akaike information criterion, sample adjusted Bayesian information criterion, entropy index, Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin test, and clinical utility of the model.
“The best-fitting model was identified using the Akaike information criterion, sample adjusted Bayesian information criterion, entropy index, Vuong–Lo–Mendell–Rubin test, and clinical utility of the model [32].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [32] Lennon H, Kelly S, Sperrin M, Buchan I, Cross AJ, Leitzmann M, et al. Framework to construct and interpret latent class trajectory modelling. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e020683. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020683. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown data
Predictors of trajectory group membership were examined using multivariable multinomial logistic regression adjusting for all predictive variables, with the consistently low group as reference.
“Once the best-fitting trajectory model was identified, we examined the predictors for each loneliness trajectory using multivariable multinominal logistic regressions, adjusting for all predictive variables.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Parental psychological distress could increase adolescents' loneliness through its adverse impact on parent-child relationships.
“Another potential predictor is parental psychological distress, which could increase adolescents’ loneliness through its adverse impact on parent–child relationships [21, 22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [21] Branje S. Development of parent-adolescent relationships: conflict interactions as a mechanism of change. Child Dev Perspect. 2018;12:171–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [22] Psychogiou L, Ahun MN, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Orri M, Cote SM. The mediating role of adolescents’ loneliness and social withdrawal in the association between maternal depressive symptoms and suicidality in adolescence: a 20-year population-based study. Dev Psychopathol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001753. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given
The study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for reporting the results.
“We followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines for reporting the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
Loneliness was measured at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 using a single item from the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and this single-item measure correlates well with multi-item measures such as the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale.
“Loneliness was measured at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 years using a single item from the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.”
- Also stated in: § Measurements · boosted
  “This single-item measure correlates well with multi-item measures, such as the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale [25, 26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [25] Mund M, Maes M, Drewke PM, Gutzeit A, Jaki I, Qualter P. Would the real loneliness please stand up? The Validity of Loneliness Scores and the Reliability of Single-Item Scores. Assessment. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221077227. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Russel D. The measurement of loneliness. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy. Wiley: New York; 1982. p. 81–104.
  Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
Bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 are independent determinants of increased and chronic loneliness trajectories across early-to-mid adolescence.
“Bullying victimization and parental psychological distress at age 10 were independent determinants of increased and chronic loneliness trajectories across early-to-mid adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data
The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6+) had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 in this sample.
“Higher scores indicated more severe psychological distress (Cronbach’s alpha 0.84).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data
The imputed results were broadly similar to those obtained using the observed cases.
“We presented the imputed results (imputed on our main predictors and covariates) as they were broadly similar to those obtained using the observed cases (Table 1 and Additional file 2: Table S2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
Missing data were handled with full information maximum likelihood in the latent class growth analyses and with multiple imputation by chained equations for the regression analyses, with 40 imputed datasets adjusted using Rubin's rules.
“Regression analyses were run across 40 imputed datasets and adjusted using Rubin’s rules [33].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [33] White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30:377–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitation
Parental psychological distress was assessed with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6+), a validated measure of psychological distress used to evaluate symptoms of depression and anxiety in the past 30 days.
“Parental psychological distress was assessed with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6 +), a validated measure of psychological distress used to evaluate symptoms of depression and anxiety in the past 30 days [27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [27] Furukawa TA, Kawakami N, Saitoh M, Ono Y, Nakane Y, Nakamura Y, et al. The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2008;17:152–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.257. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
The consistently high loneliness trajectory has been associated with various adverse health consequences in prior studies.
“In those studies, the consistently high loneliness trajectory was associated with various adverse health consequences [9, 10, 12, 13], indicating the importance of identifying predictors of chronic loneliness across adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
- cites [9] Vanhalst J, Goossens L, Luyckx K, Scholte RH, Engels RC. The development of loneliness from mid- to late adolescence: trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Harris RA, Qualter P, Robinson SJ. Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Qualter P, Brown SL, Rotenberg KJ, Vanhalst J, Harris RA, Goossens L, et al. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Schinka KC, van Dulmen MH, Mata AD, Bossarte R, Swahn M. Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. J Adolesc. 2013;36:1251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Adolescent loneliness has been suggested as a significant risk factor for adolescent suicidality.
“Adolescent loneliness has been suggested as a significant risk factor for adolescent suicidality [7] and could lead to long-term mental health conditions in adulthood [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [7] McKinnon B, Gariépy G, Sentenac M, Elgar FJ. Adolescent suicidal behaviours in 32 low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94:340-350F. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.163295. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data
A sensitivity analysis was conducted by repeating the latent class growth analysis and multivariable multinomial logistic regressions and restricting the sample to those with valid loneliness responses for more than two points (n = 2813).
“As a sensitivity analysis, we repeated the latent class growth analysis and multivariable multinominal logistic regressions and restricted our sample to those with valid loneliness responses for more than two points (n = 2813).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Prior studies have shown an association between bullying victimization during adolescence and loneliness in adolescence or young adulthood.
“Previous studies have shown an association between bullying victimization during adolescence and loneliness in adolescence [14] or young adulthood [19, 20].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- cites [14] Yang K, Petersen KJ, Qualter P. Undesirable social relations as risk factors for loneliness among 14-year-olds in the UK: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Behav Dev. 2022;46:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420965737. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19] Matthews T, Danese A, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Goldman-Mellor S, Kepa A, et al. Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychol Med. 2019;49:268–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000788. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [20] Matthews T, Caspi A, Danese A, Fisher HL, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 2022;34:367–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown data
The association between loneliness trajectory membership and suicidality by age 16 was examined using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution and robust standard errors, with crude, covariate-adjusted, and fully adjusted models.
“Finally, we examined the association between group memberships of the trajectories and suicidality by age 16 using generalized linear models with Poisson distribution and robust standard errors.”
- Also stated in: § Statistical analyses · plain
  “A crude model (Model 1), a model adjusted for the covariates measured at age 10 (child’s sex, parental origin, low parental education, low household income, parenthood, child’s chronic health condition, and child’s cognitive delay; Model 2), and a fully adjusted model, further adjusted for experiences of bullying victimization and parental psychological distress (Model 3), were examined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
Overall, the findings indicate that bullying victimization and parental psychological distress are independent determinants of adolescent loneliness, particularly for increased or chronic loneliness across early-to-mid adolescence.
“Overall, our findings indicate that bullying victimization and parental psychological distress are independent determinants of adolescent loneliness, particularly for increased or chronic loneliness across early-to-mid adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
Experiencing bullying victimization at the beginning of adolescence is generally predictive of any adolescent loneliness trajectory, although its influence may be particularly strong for adolescents with chronic loneliness.
“our results may expand upon the literature by indicating that experiencing bullying victimization at the beginning of adolescence is generally predictive of any adolescent loneliness trajectory, although its influence may be particularly strong for adolescents with chronic loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation
The findings are consistent with previous results that showed a positive association between childhood bullying victimization and loneliness in young adulthood.
“Our findings are consistent with previous results that showed a positive association between childhood bullying victimization and loneliness in young adulthood [19, 20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [19] Matthews T, Danese A, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Goldman-Mellor S, Kepa A, et al. Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychol Med. 2019;49:268–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000788. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [20] Matthews T, Caspi A, Danese A, Fisher HL, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 2022;34:367–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001005. source
  Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
A study from the UK using the same single-item measurement reported the prevalence of loneliness to be 34% among 14-year-olds, higher than the figure in this study (12% in the age 14 survey).
“A study from the UK using the same single-item measurement reported the prevalence of loneliness to be 34% among 14-year-olds, higher than the figure in our study (12% in the age 14 survey) [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [14] Yang K, Petersen KJ, Qualter P. Undesirable social relations as risk factors for loneliness among 14-year-olds in the UK: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Behav Dev. 2022;46:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420965737. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation
Loneliness and outcomes were measured based on self-reports, which may be prone to social desirability bias.
“Third, loneliness and our outcomes were measured based on self-reports, which may be prone to social desirability bias [40].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [40] Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:859–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859. source
  Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
The single-item measure of loneliness has been used in other large-scale studies and was shown to capture the context of social relationships.
“Furthermore, it has been used in other large-scale studies [14, 30] and was shown to capture the context of social relationships [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [14] Yang K, Petersen KJ, Qualter P. Undesirable social relations as risk factors for loneliness among 14-year-olds in the UK: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Behav Dev. 2022;46:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420965737. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30] Lempinen L, Junttila N, Sourander A. Loneliness and friendships among eight-year-old children: time-trends over a 24-year period. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59:171–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12807. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown data
The demonstration of an association between important contextual factors and loneliness trajectories, and their association with suicidality by age 16, provides essential evidence for preventive interventions.
“Nevertheless, our demonstration of an association between important contextual factors and loneliness trajectories, and their association with suicidality by age 16, provides essential evidence for preventive interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Bullying victimization and parental psychological distress could be modified or prevented through interventions.
“Given that bullying victimization and parental psychological distress could be modified or prevented through interventions [17, 35]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [17] Arseneault L. Annual Research Review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59:405–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12841. source
  Not checked in the free run.
- cites [35] Muñoz RF, Beardslee WR, Leykin Y. Major depression can be prevented. Am Psychol. 2012;67:285–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027666. source
  Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
Together, these approaches may help reduce adolescent loneliness and mitigate adolescent suicidality.
“Together, these approaches may help reduce adolescent loneliness and mitigate adolescent suicidality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data
Approaches to tackle bullying in early adolescence and support parents with high psychological distress may help reduce adolescent loneliness, including increased or chronic loneliness.
“Our findings on the predictors of adolescent loneliness trajectories indicate that approaches to tackle bullying in early adolescence and support parents with high psychological distress may help reduce adolescent loneliness, including increased or chronic loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

29 of 29

The paper relies on this without support.
No previous studies have examined the association between parental psychological distress and adolescent loneliness trajectories.
“However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the association between parental psychological distress and adolescent loneliness trajectories.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Whether experiences of bullying victimization in early adolescence predict chronic loneliness across adolescence remains unknown.
“However, whether experiences of bullying victimization in early adolescence predict chronic loneliness across adolescence remains unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is limited knowledge regarding the determinants of loneliness trajectories, particularly chronic loneliness.
“However, there is limited knowledge regarding their determinants, particularly for chronic loneliness.”

3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Existing studies found that both high and medium loneliness trajectories were at increased risk for depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidal ideation.
“Our results are also consistent with existing studies about loneliness trajectories which found that both high and medium trajectories were at increased risk for depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidal ideation.50,86”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Results (page unavailable) report that both consistently high and moderate loneliness trajectories were associated with increased self-harm and suicidal ideation by age 16, compared with the consistently low trajectory. The paper does not report depression or anxiety as outcomes, so it does not support those parts of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4067 · Cited by 9,792 · see citing works
The age of adolescence
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30022-1 · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Sensitive questions in surveys.
Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 · Cited by 3,057 · see citing works
Loneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
Blazer, D. G. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.4.492 · Cited by 2,139 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan
Furukawa, T. A., Kawakami, N., Saitoh, M., Ono, Y., Nakane, Y., Nakamura, Y., Tachimori, H., Iwata, N., Uda, H., Nakane, H., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.257 · Cited by 1,478 · see citing works
Who knows what about a person? The self–other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model.
Vazire, S. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017908 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Loneliness Across the Life Span
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615568999 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Development of Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Conflict Interactions as a Mechanism of Change
Branje, S. (2018) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12278 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: a population-based birth cohort study
Mars, B., Heron, J., Klonsky, E. D., Moran, P., O'Connor, R. C., Tilling, K., Wilkinson, P., & Gunnell, D. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30030-6 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Annual research review: the persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice
Arseneault, L. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12841 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Framework to construct and interpret latent class trajectory modelling
Lennon, H., Kelly, S., Sperrin, M., Buchan, I., Cross, A. J., Leitzmann, M., Cook, M. B., & Renehan, A. G. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020683 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Arseneault, L. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000788 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Rotenberg, K. J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., Goossens, L., Bangee, M., & Munn, P. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Understanding loneliness during adolescence: Developmental changes that increase the risk of perceived social isolation
Laursen, B., & Hartl, A. C. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.003 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Adolescent suicidal behaviours in 32 low- and middle-income countries
McKinnon, B., Gariépy, G., Sentenac, M., & Elgar, F. J. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.163295 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Is loneliness in emerging adults increasing over time? A preregistered cross-temporal meta-analysis and systematic review.
Buecker, S., Mund, M., Chwastek, S., Sostmann, M., & Luhmann, M. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000332 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Review: Alleviating loneliness in young people – a meta‐analysis of interventions
Eccles, A. M., & Qualter, P. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12389 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence <sup>☆</sup>
Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Would the Real Loneliness Please Stand Up? The Validity of Loneliness Scores and the Reliability of Single-Item Scores
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221077227 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The development of loneliness from mid‐ to late adolescence: Trajectory classes, personality traits, and psychosocial functioning
Vanhalst, J., Goossens, L., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.002 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Major depression can be prevented.
Muñoz, R. F., Beardslee, W. R., & Leykin, Y. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027666 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre‐adolescence: Impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance
Harris, R. A., Qualter, P., & Robinson, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety as predictors of bullying victimisation
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Additional file 3 of Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556554
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Additional file 4 of Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556557
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study
Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26556548
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Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence <sup>☆</sup>
Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Rotenberg, K. J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., Goossens, L., Bangee, M., & Munn, P. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005 · Cited by 377 · see citing works

Authors: Hosozawa, M., Cable, N., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Endo, K., Usami, S., Nakanishi, M., Niimura, J., Nakajima, N., Baba, K., Oikawa, N., Stanyon, D., Suzuki, K., Miyashita, M., Iso, H., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., Kasai, K., & Nishida, A.
Affiliations: Juntendo University (JP)
University College London (GB)
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (JP)
The University of Tokyo (JP)
Tohoku University (JP)
St. Luke's International University (JP)
Shinshu University (JP)
National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (JP)
Corresponding author: Hosozawa, Mariko
ORCID: Hosozawa, Mariko
Cable, Noriko
Yamasaki, Syudo
Ando, Shuntaro
Endo, Kaori
Usami, Satoshi
Nakanishi, Miharu
Niimura, Junko
Nakajima, Naomi
Baba, Kaori
Oikawa, Nao
Stanyon, Daniel
Suzuki, Kazuhiro
Miyashita, Mitsuhiro
Iso, Hiroyasu
Kasai, Kiyoto
Nishida, Atsushi
Venue: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-12-21
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 107-107
ISSN: 1753-2000 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00545-z
PMC: PMC9769463
OpenAlex: W4312114952
Semantic Scholar: 5b5124bbd33eb4a28ba2cb6add052dc31981d386
Cited by: 38
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10
FWCI: 6.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21K10487, JP19K17055, JP21H05171)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: adolescent loneliness, chronic loneliness, loneliness trajectories, bullying victimization, parental psychological distress, self-harm, suicidal ideation, suicidality, social isolation, cognitive delay, peer relationships, family relationships, suicide prevention programs, mental health promotion programs

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Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study

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