Pre-loss personal factors and prolonged grief disorder in bereaved mothers
Open accessAbstract
Background: Identifying characteristics of individuals at greatest risk for prolonged grief disorder (PGD) can improve its detection and elucidate the etiology of the disorder. The Safe Passage Study, a study of women at high risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), prospectively examined the psychosocial functioning of women while monitoring their healthy pregnancies. Mothers whose infants died of SIDS were followed in bereavement. Methods: Pre-loss data were collected from 12 000 pregnant mothers and analyzed for their associations with grief symptoms and PGD in 50 mothers whose infants died from SIDS, from 2 to 48 months after their infant's death, focusing on pre-loss risk factors of anxiety, depression, alcohol use, maternal age, the presence of other living children in the home, and previous child loss. Results: The presence of any four risk factors significantly predicted PGD for 24 months post-loss (p< 0.003); 2–3 risk factors predicted PGD for 12 months (p= 0.02). PGD rates increased in the second post-loss year, converging in all groups to approximately 40% by 3 years. Pre-loss depressive symptoms were significantly associated with PGD. Higher alcohol intake and older maternal age were consistently positively associated with PGD. Predicted risk scores showed good discrimination between PGD and no PGD 6–24 months after loss (C-statistic = 0.83). Conclusions: A combination of personal risk factors predicted PGD in 2 years of bereavement. There is a convergence of risk groups to high rates at 2–3 years, marked by increased PGD rates in mothers at low risk. The risk factors showed different effects on PGD.
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The gender difference in depression is first apparent at about 12 years of age, and has been found to peak in adolescence, at about age 16.
“This gender difference is first apparent at about 12 years of age, and has been found to peak in adolescence, at about age 16. 98”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [98]
Depression is consistently found to be more common in women than in men.
“Depression is consistently found to be more common in women than in men. This gender difference is first apparent at about 12 years of age, and has been found to peak in adolescence, at about age 16. 98”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [98]
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Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
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- Authors
- Goldstein, R. D., Petty, C. R., Morris, S. E., Human, M., Odendaal, H., Elliott, A., Tobacco, D., Angal, J., Brink, L., Kinney, H. C., Prigerson, H. G., & for the PASS Network
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldstein, Richard D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-11-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 2370-2378
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC8211298
- OpenAlex
- W2899776698
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA016501)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD055155, U01HD045935, U01HD055154, U01HD045991)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- prolonged grief disorder, bereavement, sudden infant death syndrome, maternal grief, maternal depression, maternal anxiety, maternal alcohol use, maternal age, risk score prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Bereavement, Confusion, Depression, Female, Grief, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, Risk, Role, Sudden Infant Death, Young Adult
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