Cited by 8,743Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentPrimate Behavior and EcologySocial Robot Interaction and HRI

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?

Open access

Premack, David, Woodruff, Guy·1978·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

An individual has a theory of mind if he imputes mental states to himself and others. A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory because such states are not directly observable, and the system can be used to make predictions about the behavior of others. As to the mental states the chimpanzee may infer, consider those inferred by our own species, for example, purpose or intention , as well as knowledge, belief, thinking, doubt, guessing, pretending, liking , and so forth. To determine whether or not the chimpanzee infers states of this kind, we showed an adult chimpanzee a series of videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with a variety of problems. Some problems were simple, involving inaccessible food – bananas vertically or horizontally out of reach, behind a box, and so forth – as in the original Kohler problems; others were more complex, involving an actor unable to extricate himself from a locked cage, shivering because of a malfunctioning heater, or unable to play a phonograph because it was unplugged. With each videotape the chimpanzee was given several photographs, one a solution to the problem, such as a stick for the inaccessible bananas, a key for the locked up actor, a lit wick for the malfunctioning heater. The chimpanzee's consistent choice of the correct photographs can be understood by assuming that the animal recognized the videotape as representing a problem, understood the actor's purpose, and chose alternatives compatible with that purpose.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0140525x00076512

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.
Wenglinsky, M., & Milgram, S. (1975) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064024 · Cited by 3,291
The Mentality of Apes
Köhler, W. (1948) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1037/11304-054 · Cited by 1,591
Intelligence in ape and man
de Villiers, J. G. (1977) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(77)90021-6 · Cited by 421
Chimpanzee Problem-Solving: A Test for Comprehension
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.705342 · Cited by 305
Self-citation
Children's comprehension and memory for stories
Poulsen, D., Kintsch, E., Kintsch, W., & Premack, D. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(79)90070-5 · Cited by 105
Self-citation
Progress in Social Psychology
(2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315725765 · Cited by 56

Show all 7 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Premack D. Cognitive principles? In: F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden (eds.), Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning, pp. 287–319, 1973.

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,056

Reassessing the bilingual advantage in theory of mind and its cognitive underpinnings
Nguyen, T.-K., & Astington, J. W. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000394 · Cited by 95
How to Study Animal Minds
Andrews, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108616522 · Cited by 95
The detection of intentional contingencies in simple animations in patients with delusions of persecution
Blakemore, S., Sarfati, Y., Bazin, N., & Jean Decety, A. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008341 · Cited by 90
The use of ground rules in investigative interviews with children: A synthesis and call for research
Brubacher, S. P., Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.001 · Cited by 89
Theory of Mind and Motion Perception in Schizophrenia.
Kelemen, O., Erdélyi, R., Pataki, I., Benedek, G., Janka, Z., & Kéri, S. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.494 · Cited by 89
Impaired affective and cognitive theory of mind and behavioural change in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
van der Hulst, E.-J., Bak, T. H., & Abrahams, S. (2014) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309290 · Cited by 89
Conversation-based assessment of social cognition in adults with traumatic brain injury
Turkstra, L. S. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050802027059 · Cited by 98
Social Cognition Impairments in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Henry, A., Tourbah, A., Chaunu, M., Rumbach, L., Montreuil, M., & Bakchine, S. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001147 · Cited by 95
The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion
Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01182 · Cited by 100
Chimpanzee social intelligence: selfishness, altruism, and the mother–infant bond
Hirata, S. (2009) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-008-0122-1 · Cited by 88
Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens ( Corvus corax )?
Bugnyar, T., & Kotrschal, K. M. (2004) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0189-4 · Cited by 88
People or profiles: Individual differences in online social networking use
Carpenter, J. M., Green, M. C., & LaFlam, J. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.006 · Cited by 98
Theory of mind in Asperger's syndrome, schizophrenia and personality disordered forensic patients
Murphy, D. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000182 · Cited by 88
Low Self-Awareness of Individuals With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Can Lead to Reduced Ability to Take Another Person's Perspective
Bivona, U., Riccio, A., Ciurli, P., Carlesimo, G. A., Donne, V. D., Pizzonia, E., Caltagirone, C., Formisano, R., & da Costa, A. L. C. (2013) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e3182864f0b · Cited by 96
Preserved Self-other Distinction During Empathy in Autism is Linked to Network Integrity of Right Supramarginal Gyrus
Hoffmann, F., Koehne, S., Steinbeis, N., Dziobek, I., & Singer, T. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2609-0 · Cited by 92
Ascribing consciousness to artificial intelligence: human-AI interaction and its carry-over effects on human-human interaction
Guingrich, R. E., & Graziano, M. S. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322781 · Cited by 87
Understanding Biological Motion
van Boxtel, J. J. A., & Lu, H. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0374 · Cited by 87
Apes have culture but may not know that they do
Gruber, T., Zuberbühler, K., Clément, F., & van Schaik, C. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00091 · Cited by 89
Old and New Approaches to Animal Cognition: There Is Not “One Cognition”
Bräuer, J., Hanus, D., Pika, S., Gray, R. D., & Uomini, N. (2020) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence8030028 · Cited by 97
Rethinking Durkheim and his Tradition
Schmaus, W. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511498329 · Cited by 89
Online mentalising investigated with functional MRI
Kircher, T. T. J., Blümel, I., Marjoram, D. K. S., Lataster, T., A, L. K. M., Weber, J., van Os, J., & Krach, S. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.026 · Cited by 86
A nonverbal test of knowledge attribution: a comparative study on dogs and children
Virányi, Z., Topál, J., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2005) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-005-0257-z · Cited by 87
Toddlers’ joint engagement experience facilitates preschoolers’ acquisition of theory of mind
Nelson, P. B., Adamson, L. B., & Bakeman, R. A. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00733.x · Cited by 86
AN ANIMAL MODEL OF THE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION OF INTEROCEPTIVE (PRIVATE) STATES
Lubinski, D., & Thompson, T. I. (1987) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1987.48-1 · Cited by 86
Comparing the neural correlates of affective and cognitive theory of mind using fMRI: Involvement of the basal ganglia in affective theory of mind
Bodden, M., Kübler, D., Knake, S., Menzler, K., Heverhagen, J. T., Sommer, J. B., Kalbe, E., Krach, S., & Dodel, R. C. (2013) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0129-6 · Cited by 89
Culture, Cognition, and Evolution
Sperber, D., & Hirschfeld, L. A. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4660.003.0009 · Cited by 88
Decreased pyramidal neuron size in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in patients with autism
Jacot-Descombes, S., Uppal, N., Wicinski, B., Santos, M., Schmeidler, J., Giannakopoulos, P., Heinsein, H., Schmitz, C., & Hof, P. R. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0976-6 · Cited by 80
Theory of Mind and Executive Control Deficits in Typically Developing Adults and Adolescents with High Levels of Autism Traits
Gökçen, E., Frederickson, N., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2735-3 · Cited by 91
The Pervasive Role of Pragmatics in Early Language
Bohn, M., & Frank, M. C. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085037 · Cited by 104
Relationships between Machiavellianism, emotional intelligence and theory of mind in children
Hennessey, A., Qualter, P., & Stylianou, M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.021 · Cited by 93
The effects of self-involvement on attention, arousal, and facial expression during social interaction with virtual others: A psychophysiological study
Mojzisch, A., Schilbach, L., Helmert, J. R., Pannasch, S., Velichkovsky, B. M., & Vogeley, K. T. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600985621 · Cited by 84
Cognitive rehabilitation after severe acquired brain injury: current evidence and future directions
Luca, R. D., Calabrò, R. S., & Bramanti, P. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1211937 · Cited by 92
Introduction and validation of Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale (PPTS) in a large prison sample.
Boduszek, D., Debowska, A., Dhingra, K., & DeLisi, M. (2016) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.004 · Cited by 84
Oxytocin for Male Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Intellectual Disabilities: A Randomized Pilot Study
Munesue, T., Nakamura, H., Kikuchi, M., Miura, Y., Takeuchi, N., Anme, T., Nanba, E., Adachi, K., Tsubouchi, K., Sai, Y., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00002 · Cited by 84
Social neuroscience: undoing the schism between neurology and psychiatry
Ibáñez, A. M., García, A. M., Esteves, S., Yoris, A., Muñoz, É., Reynaldo, L., Pietto, M. L., Adolfi, F., & Manes, F. F. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1245214 · Cited by 86
Romantic Intimacy in Autism: A Qualitative Analysis
Sala, G., Hooley, M., & Stokes, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04377-8 · Cited by 84
Effort shapes social cognition and behaviour: A neuro-cognitive framework
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Pisauro, M. A., & Apps, M. A. J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.003 · Cited by 91
Ethics and Animals: An Introduction
Gruen, L. (2011) · Cited by 84
An eye-tracking study of feature-based choice in one-shot games
Devetag, G., Guida, S. D., & Polonio, L. (2015) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-015-9432-5 · Cited by 84
Working with robots and objects
Brooks, A. G., & Breazeal, C. (2006) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/1121241.1121292 · Cited by 84
An individual task meta-analysis of social cognition in euthymic bipolar disorders
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.055 · Cited by 84
Symptomatology and social inference: A theory of mind study of schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorder
Marjoram, D. K. S., Gardner, C., Burns, J. K., Miller, P., Lawrie, S. M., & Johnstone, E. C. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000092 · Cited by 84
Theory of Mind and Emotional Functioning in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Investigation of the Relationship between Social Cognition and Executive Function
Tella, M. D., Castelli, L., Colonna, F., Fusaro, E., Torta, R., Ardito, R. B., & Adenzato, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116542 · Cited by 89
Social Cognition in Anorexia Nervosa: Evidence of Preserved Theory of Mind and Impaired Emotional Functioning
Adenzato, M., Todisco, P., & Ardito, R. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044414 · Cited by 85
Are Infants’ Theory-of-Mind Abilities Well Integrated? Implicit Understanding of Intentions, Desires, and Beliefs
Yott, J., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2016) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2015.1086771 · Cited by 84
Structural changes in socio-affective networks: Multi-modal MRI findings in long-term meditation practitioners
Engen, H. G., Bernhardt, B. C., Skottnik, L., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.024 · Cited by 83
Protosemiosis: Agency with Reduced Representation Capacity
Sharov, A. A., & Vehkavaara, T. (2014) · Biosemiotics · doi:10.1007/s12304-014-9219-7 · Cited by 84
Theory of mind in the early course of schizophrenia: stability, symptom and neurocognitive correlates, and relationship with functioning
Ventura, J., Ered, A., Gretchen‐Doorly, D., Subotnik, K. L., Horan, W. P., Hellemann, G., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714003171 · Cited by 94
Gaze, conversational agents and face-to-face communication
Bailly, G., Raidt, S., & Elisei, F. (2010) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2010.02.015 · Cited by 83
False Beliefs or False Positives? Limits on Children's Understanding of Mental Representation
Fabricius, W. V., & Khalil, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0403_01 · Cited by 83
Apes Submentalise
Heyes, C. M. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.006 · Cited by 83
Distinct neural substrates for the perception of real and virtual visual worlds
Han, S., Jiang, Y., Humphreys, G. W., Zhou, T., & Cai, P. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.046 · Cited by 83
Mental state attribution and the gaze cueing effect
Cole, G. G., Smith, D. T., & Atkinson, M. A. (2015) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-014-0780-6 · Cited by 83
The neural basis of social tactics: An fMRI study
Fukui, H., Murai, T., Shinozaki, J., Aso, T., Fukuyama, H., Hayashi, T., & Hanakawa, T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.039 · Cited by 83
Two social brains: neural mechanisms of intersubjectivity
Vogeley, K. T. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0245 · Cited by 93
Metacognition in young children
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-5160 · Cited by 85
In Search of the Uniquely Human
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05540123 · Cited by 89
Social symbol grounding and language evolution
Vogt, P., & Divina, F. (2007) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.8.1.04vog · Cited by 82
Fostering Collective Intelligence in Human–AI Collaboration: Laying the Groundwork for COHUMAIN
Gupta, P., Nguyen, T. N., González, C., & Woolley, A. W. (2023) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12679 · Cited by 108
Dissociating affective evaluation and social cognitive processes in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex
van den Bos, W., McClure, S. M., Harris, L. T., Fiske, S. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2007) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.4.337 · Cited by 85
Experiments in Artificial Theory of Mind: From Safety to Story-Telling
Winfield, A. F. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00075 · Cited by 90
The Cerebellar Predictions for Social Interactions: Theory of Mind Abilities in Patients With Degenerative Cerebellar Atrophy
Clausi, S., Olivito, G., Lupo, M., Siciliano, L., Bozzali, M., & Leggio, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00510 · Cited by 84
The Syntax of Imperatives
Alcázar, A., & Saltarelli, M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511794391 · Cited by 81
Toward a design theory for virtual companionship
Strohmann, T., Siemon, D., Khosrawi-Rad, B., & Robra-Bissantz, S. (2022) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2022.2084620 · Cited by 95
Exploring links between language and cognition in autism spectrum disorders: Complement sentences, false belief, and executive functioning
Durrleman, S., & Franck, J. (2015) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.12.001 · Cited by 91
Theory of mind deficits in chronic schizophrenia: Evidence for state dependence
Pousa, E., Duñó, R., Brébion, G., David, A. S., Ruiz, A. I., & Obiols, J. E. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.018 · Cited by 81
Task instructions and implicit theory of mind
Schneider, D., Nott, Z. E., & Dux, P. E. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.05.016 · Cited by 81
Theory of mind deficits for processing counterfactual information in persons with chronic schizophrenia
Kern, R. S., Green, M. F., Fiske, A. P., Kee, K. S., Lee, J., Sergi, M. J., Horan, W. P., Subotnik, K. L., Sugar, C. A., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003966 · Cited by 81
How much does it help to know what she knows you know? An agent-based simulation study
de Weerd, H., Verbrugge, R., & Bart Verheij, A. (2013) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2013.05.004 · Cited by 84
The Role of Causal and Intentional Judgments in Moral Reasoning in Individuals with High Functioning Autism
Buon, M., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., Jacob, P., Chaste, P., Leboyer, M., & Zalla, T. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1588-7 · Cited by 89
Understanding of Goals, Beliefs, and Desires Predicts Morally Relevant Theory of Mind: A Longitudinal Investigation
Sodian, B., Licata, M., Kristen, S., Paulus, M., Killen, M., & Woodward, A. L. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12533 · Cited by 83
Neuropsychological evidence for the crucial role of the right arcuate fasciculus in the face-based mentalizing network: A disconnection analysis
Nakajima, R., Yordanova, Y. N., Duffau, H., & Herbet, G. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.024 · Cited by 84
Compassionate attitude towards others' suffering activates the mesolimbic neural system
Kim, J.-W., Kim, S.-E., Kim, J.-J., Jeong, B., Park, C.-H., Son, A. R., Song, J. E., & Ki, S. W. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.017 · Cited by 80
Neural systems and hormones mediating attraction to infant and child faces
Luo, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00970 · Cited by 91
State-of-the-art of intention recognition and its use in decision making
Han, T. A., & Pereira, L. M. (2013) · AI Communications · doi:10.3233/aic-130559 · Cited by 85
What do we know about implicit false-belief tracking?
Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., & Dux, P. E. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0644-z · Cited by 84
Understanding atheism/non-belief as an expected individual-differences variable
Caldwell‐Harris, C. L. (2012) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2012.668395 · Cited by 80
Sty in the Mind’s Eye: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Nomological Network and Internal Consistency of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test
Kittel, A. F. D., Olderbak, S. G., & Wilhelm, O. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191121996469 · Cited by 90
Service robots with (perceived) theory of mind: An examination of humans’ reactions
Söderlund, M. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102999 · Cited by 89
My left brain and me: a dissociation in the perception of self and others
Brady, N. P., Campbell, M. J., & Flaherty, M. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.007 · Cited by 80
Evidence of Social Understanding Impairment in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cavallo, M., Adenzato, M., MacPherson, S. E., Karwig, G., Enrici, I., & Abrahams, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025948 · Cited by 80
A Theory of Mind investigation into the appreciation of visual jokes in schizophrenia
Marjoram, D. K. S., Tansley, H., Miller, P., MacIntyre, D. J., Owens, D. G. C., Johnstone, E. C., & Lawrie, S. M. (2005) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-12 · Cited by 79
Religious Cognition and Behaviour in Autism: The Role of Mentalizing
Reddish, P., Tok, P., & Kundt, R. (2015) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.1003518 · Cited by 86
Joint Attention in Human and Chimpanzee Infants in Varied Socio-Ecological Contexts
Bard, K. A., Keller, H., Ross, K. M., Hewlett, B. S., Butler, L., Boysen, S. T., & Matsuzawa, T. (2021) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12435 · Cited by 86
The Oxford Handbook of the Mental Lexicon
Anna Papafragou, A., Trueswell, J. C., & Gleitman, L. R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.001.0001 · Cited by 82
Dissociation Between Key Processes of Social Cognition in Autism: Impaired Mentalizing But Intact Sense of Agency
David, N., Gawronski, A., Santos, N. S., Huff, W., Lehnhardt, F., Newen, A., & Vogeley, K. T. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0425-x · Cited by 87
Neuropsychological correlates of theory of mind in patients with early Parkinson's disease
Santangelo, G., Vitale, C., Trojano, L., Errico, D., Amboni, M., Barbarulo, A. M., Grossi, D., & Barone, P. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23949 · Cited by 83
L'empathie aujourd'hui : au croisement des neurosciences, de la psychopathologie et de la psychanalyse
Georgieff, N. (2009) · La psychiatrie de l enfant · doi:10.3917/psye.512.0357 · Cited by 92
Editorial: Social Cognition: Mindreading and Alternatives
Hutto, D. D., Herschbach, M., & Southgate, V. (2011) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-011-0073-0 · Cited by 78
Toward a standard model of consciousness: Reconciling the attention schema, global workspace, higher-order thought, and illusionist theories
Graziano, M. S. A., Guterstam, A., Bio, B. J., & Wilterson, A. I. (2020) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2019.1670630 · Cited by 129
Folk Theory of Mind: Conceptual Foundations of Social Cognition
Malle, B. F. (2003) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 77
Children's use of mental state information in selecting persuasive arguments.
Bartsch, K., & London, K. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.352 · Cited by 86
Neuro-cognitive systems involved in morality
Blair, J., Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Blair, K. S., & Luo, J. (2006) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869790500492359 · Cited by 78
The Italian job?: Comparing theory of mind performance in British and Italian children
Lecce, S., & Hughes, C. H. (2010) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151009x479006 · Cited by 78
Why Humans Are Unique: Three Theories
Premack, D. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691609356782 · Cited by 78
Self-citation
Measuring Mindreading: A Review of Behavioral Approaches to Testing Cognitive and Affective Mental State Attribution in Neurologically Typical Adults
Turner, R., & Felisberti, F. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00047 · Cited by 97
Executive function in middle childhood and the relationship with theory of mind
Wilson, J., Andrews, G., Hogan, C., Wang, S., & Shum, D. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1440296 · Cited by 90
Do chatbots establish “humanness” in the customer purchase journey? An investigation through explanatory sequential design
Dwivedi, Y. K., Balakrishnan, J., Baabdullah, A. M., & Das, R. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21888 · Cited by 100
Agentic Large Language Models, a Survey
Plaat, A., Van Duijn, M., Van Stein, N., Preuss, M., Van der Putten, P., & Batenburg, K. J. (2025) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.18675 · Cited by 75
Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes
Bshary, R. (2011) · Fish Cognition and Behavior · doi:10.1002/9781444342536.ch13 · Cited by 72

Authors: Premack, D., & Woodruff, G.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1978-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 515-526
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00076512
OpenAlex: W2141538250
Semantic Scholar: 7a2072d69e2538de875434ba3cb0b74f467a99fb
Cited by: 8,743
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 343 · 2025: 438 · 2024: 395 · 2023: 437 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 549 · 2020: 438 · 2019: 410 · 2018: 460 · 2017: 377 · 2016: 341 · 2015: 389 · 2014: 375 · 2013: 353 · 2012: 312
FWCI: 23.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 11388 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (7519748, 7716853)
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: theory of mind, chimpanzees, mental state attribution, intention inference, problem solving, animal cognition, social cognition

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks