Cited by 8,743Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentPrimate Behavior and EcologySocial Robot Interaction and HRI

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Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?

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Premack, David, Woodruff, Guy·1978·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

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Abstract

An individual has a theory of mind if he imputes mental states to himself and others. A system of inferences of this kind is properly viewed as a theory because such states are not directly observable, and the system can be used to make predictions about the behavior of others. As to the mental states the chimpanzee may infer, consider those inferred by our own species, for example, purpose or intention , as well as knowledge, belief, thinking, doubt, guessing, pretending, liking , and so forth. To determine whether or not the chimpanzee infers states of this kind, we showed an adult chimpanzee a series of videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with a variety of problems. Some problems were simple, involving inaccessible food – bananas vertically or horizontally out of reach, behind a box, and so forth – as in the original Kohler problems; others were more complex, involving an actor unable to extricate himself from a locked cage, shivering because of a malfunctioning heater, or unable to play a phonograph because it was unplugged. With each videotape the chimpanzee was given several photographs, one a solution to the problem, such as a stick for the inaccessible bananas, a key for the locked up actor, a lit wick for the malfunctioning heater. The chimpanzee's consistent choice of the correct photographs can be understood by assuming that the animal recognized the videotape as representing a problem, understood the actor's purpose, and chose alternatives compatible with that purpose.

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Premack D. Cognitive principles? In: F. J. McGuigan and D. B. Lumsden (eds.), Contemporary Approaches to Conditioning and Learning, pp. 287–319, 1973.

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Authors: Premack, D., & Woodruff, G.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1978-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 515-526
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00076512
OpenAlex: W2141538250
Semantic Scholar: 7a2072d69e2538de875434ba3cb0b74f467a99fb
Cited by: 8,743
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 343 · 2025: 438 · 2024: 395 · 2023: 437 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 549 · 2020: 438 · 2019: 410 · 2018: 460 · 2017: 377 · 2016: 341 · 2015: 389 · 2014: 375 · 2013: 353 · 2012: 312
FWCI: 23.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 11388 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (7519748, 7716853)
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: theory of mind, chimpanzees, mental state attribution, intention inference, problem solving, animal cognition, social cognition

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Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?

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