The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 67 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life
Open accessAbstract
ABSTRACT An engaged lifestyle is seen as an important component of successful ageing. Many older adults with high participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing, a fact that fuelled the original activity theory and that continues to influence researchers, theorists and practitioners. This study's purpose is to review the conceptualisation and measurement of activity among older adults and the associations reported in the gerontological literature between specific dimensions of activity and wellbeing. We searched published studies that focused on social and leisure activity and wellbeing, and found 42 studies in 44 articles published between 1995 and 2009. They reported from one to 13 activity domains, the majority reporting two or three, such as informal , formal and solitary , or productive versus leisure . Domains associated with subjective wellbeing, health or survival included social, leisure, productive, physical, intellectual, service and solitary activities. Informal social activity has accumulated the most evidence of an influence on wellbeing. Individual descriptors such as gender or physical functioning sometimes moderate these associations, while contextual variables such as choice, meaning or perceived quality play intervening roles. Differences in definitions and measurement make it difficult to draw inferences about this body of evidence on the associations between activity and wellbeing. Activity theory serves as shorthand for these as…
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35 No full text of the sources · 25 No basis given · 17 Own interpretation · 16 Own result · 11 Not checked yet · 5 Sources not found · 2 Own method
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In the paper
“The majority of studies reviewed showed positive associations between activity participation and psychosocial wellbeing, health or survival.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Intellectual/cultural and solitary activities had significant associations in eight studies.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Cross-sectional studies comprise the bulk of the evidence base for the association between activity participation and wellbeing or health.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Causal inferences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen longitudinal studies were identified that tested relationships between social and leisure activity participation and wellbeing, health or survival among older adults.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Causal inferences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In studies that examined specific activity types, various domains were reported to positively relate to at least one measure of wellbeing, health or survival.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The influence of intervening variables or mediating effects was examined in only a few studies.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Mediating factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while contextual variables such as choice, meaning or perceived quality play intervening roles.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The statistical covariates used in the included studies adequately control for confounding.
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In the paper
“They reported from one to 13 activity domains, the majority reporting two or three, such as informal, formal and solitary, or productive versus leisure.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Among the 42 individual studies, the number of identified domains ranged from one to 13 (mean 3.8).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
plainn = 42- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The purpose or motivation for engaging in social and leisure activities was shown to have an influence on the activity/wellbeing relationship.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Mediating factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not all studies identified distinct domains; those that appear with only one domain in Table 1 grouped all activities measured under the label ' leisure' or 'social ' and did not categorise them.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking all the studies into account, the summary domain of social activities (all social activities, including unspecified and specified, a mix of both informal and formal), followed by physical and unspecified leisure activities had the most associations with wellbeing, health or survival (in 26, 15 and 14 studies, respectively).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They represented Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Japan, China, Taiwan, Israel, Great Britain and the United States of America.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Primary or secondary analyses of large datasets were tapped for several of these studies, including the Berlin Study of Ageing, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and the Americans Changing Lives study.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the domain sets reported were formal, informal and solitary ; intellectual, physical, and social; productive and leisure; formal, informal and physical ; in-home and out-of-home; and regenerative, productive and consumptive.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these studies included both male and female participants, and all were published in English in peer-reviewed journals.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 42 studies, 24 were cross-sectional and 18 longitudinal.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to these, several of the studies included some sort of evaluation of quality or satisfaction with activity participation, Quality/Satisfaction.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The longitudinal studies spanned from four to 20 years (mean 8.6).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the longitudinal studies, social, physical and leisure activities predicted positive outcomes in the most studies: eight, seven and six, respectively.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender was the most commonly tested participant characteristic, appearing in about one-quarter of the studies, with enough evidence to suggest that there are distinct activity and wellbeing or survival relationships for males and females.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Moderating factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Productive/instrumental and spiritual/service activities each accumulated evidence for associations in fewer studies.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but most had well over 200 participants, and 13 of the studies included over 1,000.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review has suggested that the content and context of activities are key elements when distinguishing various types.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although differences in definition and measurement make it difficult to draw inferences about this body of evidence, methodologically rigorous studies generally find positive associations between activity and wellbeing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A third set of related mediating factors might be the purpose (Everard 1999) or meaning of the activity, shown to be relevant in the activity/wellbeing relationship in fewer studies (Lawton 1993;Lawton et al. 2002).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many of the recent articles reviewed have strayed from this central idea of activity theory in order to examine and compare more types of activity, it is still social activity that has the most evidence in support of its association with positive wellbeing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review of recent studies from a number of countries and cultures demonstrates that social, leisure and productive activities each have significant associations and predictive relationships with aspects of wellbeing for older adults.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the studies reviewed did not include these moderating or mediating factors -no one study could include all -but this critical review found rigorous studies that begin to validate and refine the activity theory of ageing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence for these findings is at an early stage of development, as gender is the only moderating factor with more than one or two assessment reports.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence suggests there are positive effects of informal social context, productive activity, intellectual and cultural activity, and physical activity, but that these effects depend in part on individual characteristics, such as gender, age, life situation, and on cognitive appraisals about the activity.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Context is usually operationalised as social context (rather than environmental context, for example).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies specifically designed to test the SOC model ( Janke and Davey 2006 ;Lang, Rieckmann and Baltes 2002) have reported indications of selectivity of leisure pursuits, narrowing the range of activities, and substituting (compensating) by replacing an effortful activity with something more manageable.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The activity theory of ageing began with the simple propositions that wellbeing in older adults is promoted by (a) higher levels of participation in social and leisure activities, and (b) role replacement when roles must be relinquished (Havighurst 1961).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Havighurst 1961 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Many older adults with active participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies demonstrate associations while controlling for other potential predictors of wellbeing, but cannot establish temporal order.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Causal inferences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“selection effects regarding health or socio-economic status may mean that those with poorer health or fewer resources cannot participate in as many activities, rather than that fewer activities actually makes for worse health or wellbeing (Agahi and Parker 2008).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Causal inferences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Agahi and Parker 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These include the obvious physical benefits from any activity that involves movement -the stimulation of bodily systems promotes a greater range of motion and muscle tone, and internal benefits to digestion and cardiovascular health.Extensive documentation of the health benefits of physical activity for older adults is found in the medical, nursing, physical therapy and occupational therapy litera”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hogan 2005 source
- Not matchedcites Lim and Taylor 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variety of different activity dimensions generates a confusing array of outcomes, which suggests the need to summarise and synthesise this literature.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They defined social engagement in two ways: ' remaining involved in activities that are meaningful and purposeful ' and 'maintaining close relationships ', therefore emphasising productive and social aspects of activity for successful ageing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rowe and Kahn's (1998)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Longitudinal research is a superior vehicle for studying relationships with long-term effects, and is particularly germane to research on ageing that seeks to examine ' determinants of intra-individual change over time' (Schaie and Hofer 2001 : 55).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Causal inferences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schaie and Hofer 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These potential benefits of social and leisure activity in later life are intuitively appealing, yet it is unclear whether different types of activity are equally important for the wellbeing of older adults, or for all groups of older adults.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rowe and Kahn's (1998) report of the McArthur Foundation's research posed a definition of successful ageing that featured social engagement as one of three major elements.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rowe and Kahn's (1998)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, but chose only studies in which statistical covariates and/or grouping variables were used to control for effects of socio-demographic attributes or other variables that might associate with wellbeing, health or survival.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small minority of the studies presented data from samples of less than 100, which may suggest there was insufficient power for some statistical tests”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, a weakness of this literature is the absence of an empirical basis for the classification”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kerby and Ragan, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Activity theory serves as shorthand for these associations”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“an aggregated summation of discrete (in some cases unrelated) activities constitutes a reasonable index of the amount of activity in which a participant engages”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marottoli et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the choice to participate in a given activity means there is less time for another activity to be done, to some extent, the choice of activities in which to participate is a zero-sum situation.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The activity theory of ageing began with the simple propositions that wellbeing in older adults is promoted by (a) higher levels of participation in social and leisure activities, and (b) role replacement when roles must be relinquished (Havighurst 1961).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity and wellbeing in gerontology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Havighurst 1961 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Many older adults with active participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing.
In the paper
“Jacobs et al. (2008) found that daily reading at baseline reduced mortality risk for men, but not women, after controlling for other factors.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Moderating factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jacobs et al. (2008) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Perception of one's activity level as 'enough ' (Hong, Hasche and Bowland 2009), satisfaction with leisure activities (Nimrod and Adoni 2006), the perceived value of activities (Katz and Yelin 2001;Neugebauer, Katz and Pasch 2003), or ' activity selfevaluation ' (Mullee et al. 2008) were all found to be influential variables in the activity/wellbeing relationship.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Mediating factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We may surmise that social activity affects wellbeing or survival by reducing the risks of social isolation and by supplying emotional intimacy, socio-emotional support, reinforcement for one's self-concept and social roles, and the sense of being valued.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Amidst improvements in quality of life and the 'compression of morbidity ' in old age, there has also been some controversy about the universal prescription of activity in late life or, as coined by Ekerdt (1986), 'the busy ethic', which holds older people to a standard of keeping busy, or risk being less valuable members of society.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ekerdt 1986 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Agahi and Parker (2008) likewise found that women's mortality risk decreased with more informal and formal social activity, whereas men's survival was helped more by solitary hobbies and gardening.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Moderating factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Agahi and Parker (2008) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their seminal 1972 article, Lemon, Bengtson and Peterson described the theory as the 'social activity theory' and emphasised social intimacy and role supports as the major processes to be understood.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lemon, Bengtson and Peterson 1972 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Activity theory, while a reasonable shorthand, may be inadequate to explain these subtle relationships.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recreational or leisure activities may affect wellbeing through their intellectual or physical demands (e.g.challenging crossword puzzles), through enjoyment and pleasure in the company or the surroundings, and through the reinforcement, again, of one's self-concept, as with ' I am a good golfer; I can still bake a nice homemade pie '.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This suggests that sweeping generalisations about the relationship of activity to wellbeing and health may not be appropriate, with implications for both policy and psychosocial practice (Adams 2004;Katz 2000).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that older Swedes withdrew from leisure activities over time, but many of the lost activities were replaced by alternatives, and some respondents actually increased the number of activity domains in which they participated.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silverstein and Parker (2002) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Newer activity-related theories such as socio-emotional selectivity (SES ; Carstensen 1992;Frederickson and Carstensen 1990), and Selection, Optimization and Compensation (SOC ; Baltes and Baltes 1990;Freund and Baltes 1998) espouse successful ageing through adaptation, focusing particularly on selection of appropriate social and leisure activities (Adams 2004).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SES suggests that these changes occur through the selection of social partners to provide the greatest level of comfort and reliability, supporting the importance of informal, reliable, intimate social context, whereas SOC focuses on maintaining everyday competence in activitiesselecting and optimising activity choices, while compensating for areas that are less strong.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While each of these theories explains certain aspects of the how and why of changes in activity participation, neither precisely addresses the kernel of activity theory, that maintenance of activity and social engagement enhances wellbeing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Silverstein and Parker (2002) study discussed earlier, widowhood, higher functional limitations, and lower family support each moderated the longitudinal effect of activity participation on wellbeing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Moderating factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Silverstein and Parker (2002) source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Herzog et al. (1998) looked at a quality they called ' agentic self-concept' similar to personal mastery, which they found to mediate positively the activity/wellbeing relationship, along with a social self-concept, which had less of a mediating effect.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Mediating factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Herzog et al. (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In refining theories of ageing, critical gerontology examines existing research through a lens informed by previous theories and research, as well as the contemporary social and policy context (e.g.Martinson and Minkler 2006).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Discussion and theoretical implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Martinson and Minkler 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Werngren-Elgstrom, Brandt and Iwarsson (2006) found that productive activities were associated with better health and fewer depressive symptoms, but total activities related to subjective wellbeing.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Werngren-Elgstrom, Brandt and Iwarsson (2006) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
An engaged lifestyle is an important component of successful ageing.
“An engaged lifestyle is seen as an important component of successful ageing.”
“An engaged lifestyle is widely regarded as an important component of successful ageing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many older adults with active participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing.
“Many older adults with high participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing”
“Many older adults with active participation in social and leisure activities report positive wellbeing”
The paper relies on this without support.
The statistical covariates used in the included studies adequately control for confounding.
“We included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, but chose only studies in which statistical covariates and/or grouping variables were used to control for effects of socio-demographic attributes or other variables that might associate with wellbeing, health or survival.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have noted that maintaining an active life through leisure and social activities is related to increased well-being [23–25].”
From Baby boomer caregiver and dementia caregiving: findings from the National Study of Caregiving (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, there is a difference between leisure activities and other types of physical activity (such as house work, transport or employment) in that they are done for solely enjoyment rather than function [84].”
From The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Moderating factors
“They found that fewer depressive symptoms at baseline resulted in less of an impact of activity on depressive symptoms at subsequent waves.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
“longitudinal association only for those with fewer depressive symptoms at baseline, suggesting a preventive, but not ameliorative effect.”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
“Of the 42 studies, 24 were cross-sectional and 18 longitudinal.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
“Domains Longitudinal studies (N=24) Cross-sectional studies (N=18) Total”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > The results
“The longitudinal studies spanned from four to 20 years (mean 8.6).”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Activity classification
“Walter-Ginsburg et al. (2005) LS, 3-4 years, N=960”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
“Among the longitudinal studies, social, physical and leisure activities predicted positive outcomes in the most studies: eight, seven and six, respectively.”
§ A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life > Findings on activity and subjective wellbeing, health or survival
“Leisure/consumptive 8 6 14 Intellectual/cultural 5 3 8 Physical 8 7 15”
Citations
Cites
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
From social integration to health: durkheim in the new millennium
Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4 · Cited by 4,821
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433 · Cited by 4,347
Kahn, R. L. (1998) · Cited by 4,295
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990) · Successful Aging · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665684.003 · Cited by 3,739
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Knight, B. G., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-07221-3 · Cited by 3,440
Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory
Carstensen, L. L. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331 · Cited by 2,174
A Continuity Theory of Normal Aging
Atchley, R. C. (1989) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/29.2.183 · Cited by 1,846
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Janke, 2006, Implications of selective optimization with compensation on the physical, formal and informal leisure patterns of adults, Indian Journal of Gerontology, 20, 51
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review
Lindsay Smith, G., Banting, L., Eime, R., O’Sullivan, G., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0509-8 · Cited by 889
“Additionally, there is a difference between leisure activities and other types of physical activity (such as house work, transport or employment) in that they are done for solely enjoyment rather than function [84].”
BackgroundFancourt, D., Aughterson, H., Finn, S., Walker, E., & Steptoe, A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30384-9 · Cited by 484
Huxhold, O., Miche, M., & Schüz, B. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt029 · Cited by 390
Social relationships, leisure activity, and health in older adults.
Chang, P.-J., Wray, L. A., & Lin, Y. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000051 · Cited by 331
“…read books, watch TV]; social [e.g., do activity with grandchildren, go to a club]; physical [e.g., do home maintenance , walk]; and productive [e.g., cook, make clothes]), based on previous literature (i.e., Adams et al., 2011; Paillard-Borg et al., 2009 ) and exploratory factor analytic results.”
MethodGardening as a mental health intervention: A review
Clatworthy, J., Hinds, J., & M. Camic, P. (2013) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-02-2013-0007 · Cited by 279
“A critical review is a systematic literature review where the retrieved papers are PAGE 216 j MENTAL HEALTH REVIEW JOURNAL j VOL. 18 NO. 4 2013 subjected to critical appraisal (e.g. Adams et al., 2011; Alexandratos et al., 2012; York and Wiseman, 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- ADAMS, K. B., LEIBBRANDT, S., & MOON, H.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- ADAMS, KATHRYN BETTS
- Venue
- Ageing and Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-712
- ISSN
- 0144-686X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1779
- OpenAlex
- W2096403889
- Cited by
- 773
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ageing and Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- social activity, leisure activity, older adults, well-being, successful aging, activity theory, solitary activities, productive activities, subjective well-being, physical function, gender differences, meaning of activity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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