The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nature × nurture: Genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems
Open accessAbstract
Maltreatment places children at risk for psychiatric morbidity, especially conduct problems. However, not all maltreated children develop conduct problems. We tested whether the effect of physical maltreatment on risk for conduct problems was strongest among those who were at high genetic risk for these problems using data from the E-risk Study, a representative cohort of 1,116 5-year-old British twin pairs and their families. Children's conduct problems were ascertained via parent and teacher interviews. Physical maltreatment was ascertained via parent report. Children's genetic risk for conduct problems was estimated as a function of their co-twin's conduct disorder status and the pair's zygosity. The effect of maltreatment on risk for conduct problems was strongest among those at high genetic risk. The experience of maltreatment was associated with an increase of 2% in the probability of a conduct disorder diagnosis among children at low genetic risk for conduct disorder but an increase of 24% among children at high genetic risk. Prediction of behavioral pathology can attain greater accuracy if both pathogenic environments and genetic risk are ascertained. Certain genotypes may promote resistance to trauma. Physically maltreated children whose first-degree relatives engage in antisocial behavior warrant priority for therapeutic intervention. We are grateful to the Study mothers and fathers, the twins, and the twins' teachers for their participation. Our thanks to Robert Plomin for his contributions; to Thomas Achenbach for generous permission to adapt the CBCL; to Tom Price for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript; to Hallmark Cards for their support; and to members of the E-Risk team for their dedication, hard work, and insights. The E-Risk Study is funded by Medical Research Council Grant G9806489. Terrie Moffitt is a Royal Society–Wolfson Research Merit Award holder.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Further research has replicated and extended the finding by noting that parent neglect as well as abuse in conjunction with the polymorphism increase risk for conduct problems and violence (Foley et al. 2004, Jaffee et al. 2005).”
From Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research (2007) · cites this paper as Jaffee et al. 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Maltreatment was found to be associated with a greater increase in the probability of developing conduct problems among children who had a high genetic liability for conduct disorder compared to children who had a low genetic liability (Jaffee et al., 2005).”
From Human Aggression Across the Lifespan (2011) · cites this paper as Jaffee et al., 2005
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Self-citationGenetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities
Faith, M. S., Carnell, S., & Kral, T. V. E. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353879 · Cited by 7,633
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072290 · Cited by 4,842
Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8018-2 · Cited by 4,005
Regression standard errors in clustered samples
Rogers, W. H. (1993) · Stata technical bulletin · Cited by 2,694
A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster‐Correlated Data
Williams, R. L. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00645.x · Cited by 2,501
Pharmacogenomics: Translating Functional Genomics into Rational Therapeutics
Evans, W. E., & Relling, M. V. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.487 · Cited by 2,491
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Widom, C. S. , & Maxfield, M. G. (2001).An update on the “cycle of violence”(NCJ 184894).Washington, DC:National Institute of Justice. · DOI
- American Psychiatric Association .(1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.).Washington, DC:Author.
- Jaffee, S. R. (in press).Family violence and parent psychopathology: Implications forchildren's socioemotional development and resilience. In S. Goldstein & R. Brooks (Eds.),Handbook of resilience in children.New York:Kluwer.
- Potter, L. B. , & Mercy, J. A. (1997).Public health perspective on interpersonal violence among youths inthe United States.In D. M. Stoff , J. Breiling , & J. D. Maser (Eds.),Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp.3–11).New York:Wiley.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–326 of 326
Duncan, L. E. (2011) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Linkages Between Children's and Aggression: Evidence for a Ge
Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., Boivin, M., Bukowski, W. M., Tremblay, R. E., & Daniel, P. M. (2008)
Gasperi, M. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Behavioural Genetic Studies of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Gindina, E. D., & Gaysina, D. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137437327_9
Does physical attractiveness and sex impact decisions in a threat detection task?
Kendall, J. (2014) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/3943
Capusan, A. J. (2016) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-130718
Walsh, D. R. (2016) · UR Research (University of Rochester)
Humayun, S., & Scott, S. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316104453.015
12 Agressieve en regelovertredende gedragsproblemen
de Castro, B. O. (2008) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-6589-0_12 · Cited by 1
Grasmann, D., & Stadler, C. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-79900-0_6
(2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15462-35
Genetic Influences and Criminal Careers
Barnes, J. C., & Beaver, K. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_276-2
Salzinger, S., Ward, A., & Feldman, R. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_152
Childhood trauma and personality disorder: Toward a biological model
Lee, R. (1996) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-996-0061-8
Salzinger, S., Ward, A., & Feldman, R. S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_152
van Overveld, C. W., Louwe, J. J., & de Castro, B. O. (2009) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-9322-0_16
van Overveld, C. W., Louwe, J. J., & de Castro, B. O. (1998) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8644-4_22
Genetic Influences and Criminal Careers
Barnes, J. C., & Beaver, K. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_276
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Corcoran, J., & Wolk, C. B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653562.003.0007
Correa, J., Delgado, L. C., & Valencia, M. (2023) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.160212
Correa, J., Delgado, L. A. C., & Valencia, M. (2023) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.16212
WRIGHT, J. P., Caudill, C., & Bennett, J. Z. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95272-9.00005-x
Antisocial Behaviours in Young People
Tiffin, P. A., & O’Mara, O. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009110266.010
Rosen, B. V. (2013) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/svdg-xy42
Metadata
- Authors
- JAFFEE, S. R., CASPI, A., MOFFITT, T. E., DODGE, K. A., RUTTER, M., TAYLOR, A., & TULLY, L. A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-84
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2768347
- OpenAlex
- W2110622864
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 30.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (L330 25 3002)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015226)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- physical abuse, child abuse, conduct problems, conduct disorder, genetic risk, gene-environment interaction, twin pairs, zygosity, antisocial behavior, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Child Development, Diseases in Twins, Female, Genotype, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
