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Cited by 62Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Therapy and DevelopmentBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Young children's representations of conflict and distress: A longitudinal study of boys and girls with disruptive behavior problems

Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, Park, Jong-Hyo, Usher, Barbara, Belouad, Francesca, Cole, Pamela, Gruber, Reut·2008·Development and Psychopathology
DOI 10.1017/s0954579408000059
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Abstract

We investigated narratives, symbolic play, and emotions in children who varied in severity of disruptive behavior problems. Children's representations of hypothetical situations of conflict and distress were assessed at 4–5 and 7 years. Behavior problems also were assessed then and again at 9 years. Children's aggressive and caring themes differentiated nonproblem children, children whose problems remained or worsened with age, and those whose problems improved over time. Differences in boys and girls whose problems continued sometimes reflected exaggerations of prototypic gender differences seen across the groups. Boys with problems showed more hostile themes (physical aggression and anger), whereas girls with problems showed more caring (prosocial) themes relative to the other groups. Modulated (verbal) aggression, more common in girls than boys, showed developmentally appropriate increases with age. However, this was true only for children without problems and those whose problems improved. We consider how these findings contribute to an understanding the inner worlds of boys and girls who differ in their early developmental trajectories for behavior problems.

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  • From early adolescence onward, females are affected by depressive symptoms such as negative affect significantly more often than males, yet gender differences are not commonly observed for loneliness.

    “Further, from early adolescence onward, females are affected by depressive symptoms such as negative affect significantly more often than males (Hankin & Abramson, 2001; Rutter, 2007; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008), yet gender differences are not commonly observed for loneliness”

    From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Zahn-Waxler et al., 2008

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Authors
Zahn-Waxler, C., Park, J.-H., Usher, B., Belouad, F., Cole, P., & Gruber, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin System (US)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
  • McGill University (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Development and Psychopathology
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2008
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
99-119
ISSN
  • 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-2198
DOI
10.1017/s0954579408000059
OpenAlex
W1993241726
Cited by
62
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 7
FWCI
3.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 22 d)
Locations
  • Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords
disruptive behavior problems, pretend play, aggression, verbal aggression, gender differences, prosocial behavior, hostile aggression, anger, longitudinal development, child behavior problems
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression, Anger, Arousal, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Helping Behavior, Hostility, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Personality Assessment, Sex Factors, Socialization, Verbal Behavior, Personal Construct Theory, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

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