Role of personality self-organization in development of mental order and disorder
Abstract
Normal and abnormal personality development can be quantified in terms of 15 specific steps in the self-organization of character as a complex adaptive system. Character is measured as three dimensions of Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, each with five components corresponding to steps in personality development. Each of these steps is differentially influenced by heritable temperament dimensions, antecedent steps in character development, and life experiences. Predictions about the nonlinear dynamics of personality development, such as equifinality and multifinality, are confirmed in longitudinal data about individuals representative of the general population. The stepwise development of character determines large differences between individuals in their risk of psychopathology, as well as varying degrees of maturity and health.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) short-version is a useful instrument to assess Cloninger's model of the 7 dimensions of personality in non-clinical samples.
“It is considered as a useful instrument to assess Cloninger’s model of the 7 dimensions of personality in non-clinical samples [46,47,48].”
From Acceptance Mindfulness-Trait as a Protective Factor for Post-Natal Depression: A Preliminary Research (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
Cites
The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution
Kauffman, S. A. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195079517.001.0001 · Cited by 7,855 · see citing works
Freud, S., Ragg-Kirkby, H., & Bowie, M. (1938) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000369 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., Liang, O., Johnson, L. C., & Aylward, E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014378 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Tharwat, D., Trousselard, M., Fromage, D., Belrose, C., Balès, M., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., Ezto, M.-L., Hurstel, F., Harvey, T., Martin, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031545 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- CLONINGER, C. R., SVRAKIC, N. M., & SVRAKIC, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 881-906
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W1980140953
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01mh046280-08)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-46280, U01MH046276, MH 31302, MH-46276)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Keywords
- personality development, self-organization, character development, complex adaptive systems, self-direction, cooperativeness, self-transcendence, temperament, equifinality, multifinality, nonlinear dynamics, psychopathology risk, personality maturity, life experience
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Inventory, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
