CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 74Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: a critical review updating recent literature

Open access
Dissanayaka, Nadeeka N.W., Torbey, Elizabeth, Pachana, Nancy A.·2015·International Psychogeriatrics
DOI 10.1017/s1041610215000885
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Assessing anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been a recent focus, and a number of studies have extensively investigated the validity of anxiety rating scales in PD. The present review aims to provide an overview of anxiety scales widely used and/or validated in PD, and to highlight recommendations for future research required in this area. METHODS: A literature search was performed using terms such as Parkinson* disease, psychiatric, depress*, anxiety, assessment, scales, and valid* in PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Validation studies and reviews focussed on assessment of anxiety in PD were included. RESULTS: The literature search identified nine anxiety rating scales. The new Parkinson's Anxiety Scale (PAS) showed good psychometric properties. Having a simple design appropriate for older adults and items focussed on cognitive anxiety, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) also appeared promising for use in PD. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) did not demonstrate satisfactory psychometric characteristics when used in PD, while other scales had limited or no evidence of validity or reliability to infer judgments. CONCLUSIONS: PAS and GAI are can be recommended for use in PD without dementia. Usefulness of these scales to assess anxiety in dementia should be examined in the future. Moreover, the complex symptomatology of anxiety relating to "off" PD medication states were not addressed in these scales. Further research is required to develop an anxiety scale tailored for PD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s1041610215000885

Cites

11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The Parkinson's Anxiety Scale and/or the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory have now been validated for use in Parkinson disease patients.

    “both of which have now been validated for use in PD patients”

    From Remote delivery of psychological interventions for Parkinson's disease. (2018) · cites this paper as Dissanayaka et al., 2015

    The Results report good psychometric properties for the PAS and a validation study of the GAI in PD patients without dementia. The Conclusions recommend both scales for use in PD without dementia, but say their usefulness in patients with dementia remains to be examined. The claim omits that population limit. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. [2]2. Beck, A.T. ∙ Epstein, N. ∙ Brown, G. ... An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988; 56:893-897 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  2. [3]3. Bjelland, I. ∙ Dahl, A.A. ∙ Haug, T.T. ... The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. An updated literature review Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002; 52:69-77 Crossref Scopus (7690) PubMed Google Scholar
  3. [6]6. Cummings, J.L. ∙ Mega, M. ∙ Gray, K. ... The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia Neurology. 1994; 44:2308-2314 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  4. [7]7. De Medeiros, K. The neuropsychiatric inventory-clinician rating scale (NPI-C): reliability and validity of a revised assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia International Psychogeriatrics. 2010; 22:984-994 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  5. [8]8. Dissanayaka, N.N. ∙ White, E. ∙ O'sullivan, J.D. ... The clinical spectrum of anxiety in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders. 2014; 29:967-975 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  6. [9]9. Dissanayaka, N. Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risk factors Movement Disorders. 2010; 25:838-845 Crossref Scopus (275) PubMed Google Scholar
  7. [10]10. Dissanayaka, N.N. Characteristics and treatment of anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorder Clinical Practice. 2015; 2:155-162 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  8. [11]11. Forjaz, M.J. Rasch analysis of anxiety scales in Parkinson's disease Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2013; 74:414-419 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  9. [12]12. Gallagher, D.A. ∙ Goetz, C.G. ∙ Stebbins, G. ... Validation of the MDS-UPDRS Part I for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders. 2012; 27:79-83 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  10. [13]13. Goetz, C.G. Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results Movement Disorders. 2008; 23:2129-2170 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  11. [14]14. Hamilton, M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1959; 32:50-55 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  12. [17]17. Jegede, R.O. Psychometric attributes of the self-rating anxiety scale Psychological Reports. 1977; 40:303-306 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  13. [19]19. Kummer, A. ∙ Cardoso, F. ∙ Teixeira, A.L. Frequency of social phobia and psychometric properties of the liebowitz social anxiety scale in Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders. 2008; 23:1739-1743 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  14. [21]21. Leentjens, A.F. ∙ Dujardin, K. ∙ Marsh, L. ... Anxiety and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional observational study Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2012; 18:1084-1088 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  15. [22]22. Leentjens, A.F. ∙ Dujardin, K. ∙ Marsh, L. ... Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: a validation study of the Hamilton anxiety rating scale, the beck anxiety inventory, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale Movement Disorders. 2011; 26:407-415 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  16. [24]24. Leentjens, A.F. Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations Movement Disorders. 2008; 23:2015-2025 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  17. [27]27. Matheson, S.F. Validity and reliability of the geriatric anxiety inventory in Parkinson's disease Australasian Journal on Ageing. 2012; 31:13-16 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  18. [28]28. Mondolo, F. ∙ Jahanshahi, M. ∙ Grana, A. ... Evaluation of anxiety in Parkinson's disease with some commonly used rating scales Neurological Sciences. 2007; 28:270-275 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  19. [29]29. Olatunji, B.O. ∙ Deacon, B.J. ∙ Abramowitz, J.S. ... Dimensionality of somatic complaints: factor structure and psychometric properties of the self-rating anxiety scale Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2006; 20:543-561 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  20. [31]31. Pal, P.K. ∙ Thennarasu, K. ∙ Fleming, J. ... Nocturnal sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease and in their caregivers Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2004; 10:157-168 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  21. [32]32. Richard, I.H. Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease Advances in Neurology. 2005; 96:42-55 PubMed Google Scholar
  22. [34]34. Slaughter, J.R. ∙ Slaughter, K.A. ∙ Nichols, D. ... Prevalence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001; 13:187-196 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  23. [35]35. Spielberger, C.D. ∙ Gorsuch, R.L. ∙ Lushene, R. ... A Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) Consultant Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, 1983 Google Scholar
  24. [36]36. Stefanova, E. ∙ Ziropadja, L. ∙ Petrovic, M. ... Screening for anxiety symptoms in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2013; 26:34-40 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  25. [37]37. Weintraub, D. ∙ Burn, D.J. Parkinson's disease: the quintessential neuropsychiatric disorder Movement Disorders. 2011; 26:1022-1031 Crossref Scopus (0) PubMed Google Scholar
  26. [38]38. Zigmond, A.S. ∙ Snaith, R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983; 67:361-370 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  27. [39]39. Zung, W.W. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders Psychosomatics. 1971; 12:371-379 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Article metrics Related Articles We haven't found any related articles. Advertisement Hide CaptionDownloadSee figure in Article Toggle Thumbstrip Download .PPT Home Access for Developing Countries Articles & Issues Articles in Press Current Issue List of Issues For Authors Submit a Manuscript Author Information Open Access Permissions Researcher Academy Journal Info About the Journal Abstracting/Indexing Contact Information Editorial Board Info for Advertisers Reprints New Content Alerts IPA The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals. All content on this site: Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Inc., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply. Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Accessibility Help & Contact Responsible AI RELX Thanks for sharing! AddToAny More… We use cookies that are necessary to make our site work. We may also use additional cookies to analyze, improve, and personalize our content and your digital experience. You can manage your cookie preferences using theCookie settings link. For more information, see ourCookie Policy Company Logo Opt-Out Request Honored Cookie Preference Center We use cookies which are necessary to make our site work. We may also use additional cookies to analyse, improve and personalise our content and your digital experience. For more information, see our Cookie Policy and the list of Google Ad-Tech Vendors. You may choose not to allow some types of cookies. However, blocking some types may impact your experience of our site and the services we are able to offer. See the different category headings below to find out more or change your settings. You may also be able to exercise your privacy choices Cookie Settings | Your Privacy Choices as described in our Privacy Policy Manage Consent Preferences Strictly Necessary Cookies Always active These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. Functional Cookies These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly. Performance Cookies These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Targeting Cookies These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising. Cookie List label Consent Leg.Interest label label label Powered by Onetrust

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dissanayaka, N. N. W., Torbey, E., & Pachana, N. A.
Affiliations
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author
Dissanayaka, Nadeeka N.W.
ORCID
Venue
International Psychogeriatrics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-11
Volume
27
Issue
11
Pages
1777-1784
ISSN
1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1017/s1041610215000885
OpenAlex
W2125678405
Cited by
74
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
FWCI
0.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Lions Medical Research Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, anxiety, anxiety rating scales, scale validation, psychometric properties, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, cognitive anxiety, off periods, dementia, older adults
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review