Examination of the utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and its factors as a screener for anxiety disorders
Abstract
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) were administered to 193 adults at a major Midwestern university recruited from an anxiety research and treatment center. The BAI and its four factor scores were compared from individuals with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), specific or social phobia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and no psychiatric diagnosis. The cut scores on the BAI and its factors, their sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each group. The results of this study support previous findings that the strongest quality of the BAI is its ability to assess panic symptomatology. The present study also expands on this notion by establishing that the BAI can be used as an efficient screening tool for distinguishing between individuals with and without panic disorder.
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The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) has been validated for patients with agoraphobia and other anxiety disorders.
“The BAI has been validated for patients with agoraphobia [45] and other anxiety disorders [46].”
From Short-term effectiveness of web-based guided self-help for phobic outpatients: randomized controlled trial. (2014) · cites this paper as [46]
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A New Scale Measuring Psychologic Impact of Genetic Susceptibility Testing for Alzheimer Disease
Chung, W. W., Chen, C. A., Cupples, L. A., Roberts, J. S., Hiraki, S. C., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318188429e · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The IES has been specifically anchored to test-related distress in previous genetic testing studies.(15,26) For the purpose of this study, the total IES (range, 0 to 75) was used.”
MethodThe Psychosocial Impact of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Maciag, M. C., Herbert, L., Sicherer, S. H., Young, M. C., Schultz, F., Westcott-Chavez, A. A., Phipatanakul, W., Bingemann, T. A., & Bartnikas, L. M. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Thomas, K. M., & Sethares, K. A. (2010) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0b013e3181f837f0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Terluin, B., Oosterbaan, D. B., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Straten, A., van de Ven, P. M., Langerak, W., & van Marwijk, H. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-121 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The BAI seems to be biased towards panic disorder [16,17] and failed to detect any anxiety disorder in some studies [18,19].”
BackgroundEfficacy of Glycopyrrolate in Primary Hyperhidrosis Patients
Lee, H. H., Kim, D. W., Kim, D. W., & Kim, C. (2012) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.2012.25.1.28 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In addition to examining the direct symptoms of hyperhidrosis, a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [5] and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [6] were conducted to examine the effect of the treatment on patients ’ psychology.”
Espinet, S. D., Motz, M., Jeong, J. J., Jenkins, J. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2016) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2016.1140148 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A score of 16 represents the threshold for clinical significance (Leyfer et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInternet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Korea
Seol, S.-H., Kwon, J. S., Kim, Y. Y., Kim, S. N., & Shin, M.-S. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.373 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Depersonalization, adversity, emotionality, and coping with stressful situations
Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1329770 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Determinants and consequences of polypharmacy in patients with a depressive disorder in later life
Wiersema, C., Voshaar, R. C. O., van den Brink, R. H. S., Wouters, H., Verhaak, P. F. M., Comijs, H. C., & Jeuring, H. W. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13435 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
January, A. M., Zebracki, K., Chlan, K. M., & Vogel, L. C. (2014) · Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/sci2001-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
ALAVI, N., & HIRJI, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000455 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sæmundsson, B. R., Þórsdóttir, F., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Ólason, D. Þ., Smári, J., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000059 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yost, G. L., Bhat, G., Mahoney, E., & Tatooles, A. J. (2017) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wong, H. J., & Anițescu, M. (2016) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12410 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety in supportive oncology
Li, M., Boquiren, V., Lo, C., & Rodin, G. (2011) · Supportive Oncology · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1015-1.00052-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression levels in Covid-19 disease and their relation to hypertension
Şensoy, B., Güneş, A., & Arı, S. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2020.1847132 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Morejón, A. V. V., Jiménez, R. V.-M., & Zanin, G. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.76 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A review of screening, assessment and outcome measures for drug and alcohol settings.
Deady, M. (2009) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Safety Behavior Increases Obsession-Related Cognitions About the Severity of Threat
van Uijen, S. L., & Toffolo, M. B. J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.04.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Merritt, V. C., Clark, A. L., Sorg, S. F., Evangelista, N. D., Werhane, M. L., Bondi, M. W., Schiehser, D. M., & Delano‐Wood, L. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5372 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anxiety Symptoms and Disorders in College Students With ADHD
O’Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Anastopoulos, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716685837 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How do we measure psychiatric diagnoses? Implications of the choice of instruments in epilepsy
Hesdorffer, D. C., Baldin, E., Caplan, R., & Berg, A. T. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Mild, moderate, and severe cut offs were examined for the BDI-II [6, 8]and the BAI [12].”
BackgroundMethodRacing thoughts revisited: A key dimension of activation in bipolar disorder
Weiner, L., Ossola, P., Causin, J.-B., Desseilles, M., Keizer, I., Metzger, J.-Y., Garcia-Krafes, E., Monteil, C., Morali, A., Garcia, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.033 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The BAI is a measure of autonomic arousal symptoms, which can be experienced first and foremost in panic disorder (Leyfer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety among elderly earthquake survivors in China
Liang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316639437 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Compared with other measurement tools, BAI exhibits a superior ability to distinguish depression (Creamer et al., 1995) and shows a strong quality to diagnose respondent panic symptomatology (Leyfer and Ruberg, 2006).”
BackgroundDevelopment and Evaluation of the Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire
Norton, P. J., & Robinson, C. M. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903140430 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Leyfer et al. (2006) attempted to differentiate Axis I anxiety disorders using the BAI but again found that the measure best discriminated between panic- and non-panic-disordered individuals.”
MethodPavlou, M., Acheson, J. F., Nicolaou, D. C., Fraser, C. L., Bronstein, A. M., & Davies, R. A. (2015) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000105 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“88 (43-70) Sex Female, n (%) 19 (73) 6 (75) Male, n (%) 7 (27) 2 (25) Symptom duration, mo, mean (range) 89.”
Cowan, H. R., & Mittal, V. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.614710 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“By contrast, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (35) was included because multiple studies have reported that it is most closely tied to panic symptomatology (36, 37).”
BackgroundTargeted Prevention of Childhood Anxiety: Engaging Parents in an Underserved Community
Mian, N. D., Eisenhower, A., & Carter, A. S. (2015) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9696-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kluger, B. M., de la Parra, V. R., Jacobson, C. E., GARVAN, C. W., Rodriguez, R. L., Fernandez, H. H., Fogel, A., Skoblar, B. M., Bowers, D., & Okun, M. S. (2012) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2012/769506 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vasey, M. W., Chriki, L. S., & Toh, G. Y. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9809-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For example, in a study of healthy older adults, Beaudreau and O’Hara (2009) found that scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer 1990), which predominantly taps AA symptoms (Cox et al. 1996; Leyfer et al. 2006), were negatively correlated with performance on executive function measures.”
BackgroundInfluentialPiotrowski, C. (2017) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12112 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rapp, P. E., Rosenberg, B., Keyser, D. O., Nathan, D. E., Toruno, K., Cellucci, C. J., Albano, A. M., Wylie, S. A., Gibson, D., Gilpin, A. M. K., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00091 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“No single instrument has emerged as the preferred choice for studies of TBI-related anxiety disorders Because it has been used in a number of studies of anxiety following TBI (201–203) we recommend the Beck Anxiety Inventory (204, 458) for a rapid assessment of general anxiety and mixed anxiety disorders.”
MethodWoodward, M. J., Patton, S. C., Olsen, S. A., Jones, J. M., Reich, C. M., Blackwell, N., & Beck, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Häberling, I. S., Berger, G. E., Schmeck, K., Held, U., & Walitza, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00863 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Primary outcome measures Scale Examiner Depression severity Children’s Depression Rating Scale (102) Interview with parents and patients Diagnosis of MDD K-SADS-PL(114) Interview with parents and patients Secondary outcome measures (part A) Depression severity Children’s Depression Inventory (DIKJ) (115) Self-report H…”
MethodSchouten, R. W., Nadort, E., Harmse, V. J., Honig, A., van Ballegooijen, W., Broekman, B., & Siegert, C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109995 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hermans, M., Korrelboom, K., & Visser, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.033 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kim, Y.-S., Park, Y., Cho, G., Park, K., Kim, S.-H., Baik, S. Y., Kim, C. L., Jung, S., Lee, W.-H., Choi, Y., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.09.27.2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“1058 Psychiatry Investig 2018;15(11):1053-1063 Screening Tool for Anxiety Disorders”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Leyfer, O. T., Ruberg, J. L., & Woodruff-Borden, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
- ORCID
- Leyfer, Ovsanna T.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 444-458
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2087701524
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Beck Anxiety Inventory, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, factor scores, diagnostic accuracy, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, predictive value
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Midwestern United States, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Panic Disorder
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